“…In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been increasingly applied to various geological problems due to its ability to effectively tackle nonlinear problems, such as earthquake prediction (Laurenti et al, 2022), landslide hazard assessment (Collico et al, 2020;Ji et al, 2020;Jones et al, 2021;Du et al, 2022), meteorological and climate forecasting (Balogun et al, 2021;Zennaro et al, 2021), and geophysical data interpretation (Lawson et al, 2017;Maxwell et al, 2019;Politikos et al, 2021;Du et al, 2023). Scholars have made progress in the field of geological time series prediction using AI techniques, for example, wave height prediction (Gao et al, 2021), pore pressure prediction in landslides (Orland et al, 2020;Wei et al, 2021), and prediction of landslide displacement (Yang et al, 2019).…”