The current study details efficient lesion-free cutaneous vaccination via vaccine delivery into an array of micropores in the skin, instead of bolus injection at a single site. Such delivery effectively segregated vaccine-induced inflammation, resulting in rapid resolution of the inflammation, provided that distances between any two micropores were sufficient. When the inoculation site was treated by FDA-approved nonablative fractional laser (NAFL) before insertion of a PR8 model influenza vaccine-packaged, biodegradable microneedle array (MNs), mice displayed vigorous antigenuptake, eliciting strong Th1-biased immunity. These animals were completely protected from homologous viral challenges, and fully or partially protected from heterologous H1N1 and H3N2 viral challenges, whereas mice receiving MNs alone suffered from severe illnesses or died of similar viral challenges. NAFL-mediated adjuvanicity was ascribed primarily to dsDNA and other "danger" signals released from laser-damaged skin cells. Thus, mice deficient in dsDNA-sensing pathway, but not Toll like receptor (TLR) or inflammasome pathways, showed poor responses to NAFL. Importantly, with this novel approach both mice and swine exhibited strong protective immunity without incurring any appreciable skin irritation, in sharp contrast to the overt skin irritation caused by intradermal injections. The effective lesion-free cutaneous vaccination merits further clinical studies.biodegradable microneedle | nonablative fractional laser | dsDNA S ubstantial evidence has shown that skin is a more potent site for vaccination than muscle because the former contains a large number of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and abundant network of lymphatic vessels. Moreover, skin offers potential for painless, needle-free, and self-applicable immunization, which would particularly benefit annual influenza vaccination of large populations (1, 2). However, skin immunization has not been broadly adopted to date, due to lack of safe adjuvants and technical difficulties in injecting vaccines into the ultrathin (<2 mm) skin tissue (3,4). We have demonstrated that controllable skin injury can serve as safe "adjuvant" for cutaneous vaccination and similar observations have been also made by other investigators (5-7). Treatment of the inoculation site with nonablative fractional laser (NAFL) generates an array of microthermal zones (MTZs) beneath the stratum corneum (8). The dying cells in the MTZs release "danger" signals that provoke sterile inflammation that is however constrained within individual MTZs. This array of microsterile inflammatory zones is resolved quickly, effectively averting skin lesion, provided that affected and unaffected areas of the skin are adequately balanced (8). Importantly, despite fast resolution, the microinflammation zones prove sufficient in augmentation of adaptive immune responses against the vaccine (5). In addition, this standalone adjuvant does not affect the volume of administration or formulation of the vaccine, which are serious hurdles for...