Language and woman's place

Lakoff, Robin Tolmach

doi:10.1017/s0047404500000051

Cited by 1,989 publications

(2,054 citation statements)

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“…Lakoff 1975), which arises out of two clashing cultural discourses: male solidarity and heterosexuality. In the former men are supposed to form a close bond, but in the latter they are supposed to refrain from intimacy.…”

Section: S C O T T Fa B I U S K I E S L I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homosocial desire in men's talk: Balancing and re-creating cultural discourses of masculinity

Kiesling¹

2005

Lang. Soc.

151

129

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A B S T R A C TThis article is an exploration of how a group of men in the United States create homosocial (as opposed to homosexual) desire through language. In a society in which dominant discourses of masculinity provide competing scripts of male solidarity and heterosexuality, the achievement of closeness among men is not straightforward but must be negotiated through "indirect" means. It is shown how men actively negotiate dominant cultural discourses in their everyday interactions. In addition, a broadened view of indirectness, based on social function as much as denotation, is argued for. (Masculinity, men, language and gender, indirectness, desire, homosociality, fraternities.)* I N T R O D U C T I O NThere is a popular view that men are unemotional, inexpressive, and impersonal. Yet men clearly form friendships and larger friendship groups, and must therefore manage to "connect" with one another personally and emotionally. In fact, male solidarity -the "old boys club" -plays a role in the maintenance of men's power. However, beyond the claim that men connect with one another in the context of competition (see, e.g., Labov 1972, Tannen 1990, little work has been done that shows how men operating in a masculine cultural discourse 1 of dominance create and display homosocial (as opposed to homosexual) desire. How do men use language to "do friendship" in a heterosexist atmosphere? How do they talk in a way to make themselves attractive to other men? How do cultural discourses of masculinity structure the men's desires, and thus who they find most attractive, or "cool"? Ultimately, how does the way men create their relationships re-create patterns of dominance -how do their everyday conversations re-create wider cultural discourses? These are the questions I address in this article, using ethnographic talk-in-interaction data from a men's social club, a fraternity, at an American university. I argue that the men's talk -and the existence of the fraternity itself -responds to and re-creates four American cultural

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Section: S C O T T Fa B I U S K I E S L I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homosocial desire in men's talk: Balancing and re-creating cultural discourses of masculinity

Kiesling¹

2005

Lang. Soc.

151

129

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“…In this respect, Lakoff's (1973) argument that speaking like a lady keeps a lady in her place seems to miss the point. What we see in the analysis of compliments is that the way a woman is spoken tq is, no matter what her status, a subtle and powerful way of perpetuating her subordinate role in society.…”

Section: Figure 1 Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Pretty Is As Pretty Does: A Speech Act View of Sex Roles

Wolfson

1984

Applied Linguistics

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University of Pennsylvani aOne important motivation for the study of rules and patterns of interaction in a given speech community is that it provides empirical evidence of cultural norms and values. For applied linguists concerned with language acquisition and with intercultur al communicati on, the insights gained through analysis of the social aspects of language use are of particular importance. Recent studies of such speech acts as apologies (Cohen and Olshtain 1981, Olshtain 1983, Olshtain and Cohen 1983, directives (Ervin-Tripp 1976, Blum-Kulka 1982 In earlier work on the analysis of complimentin g behavior among middle-clas s Americans (Manes and, it was demonstrate d that there exists a considerabl e (and previously unsuspected) amount of patterning both at the syntactic and the semantic levels. Examination of a corpus of approximate ly seven hundred examples of compliments uttered"in day-to-day interaction s and collected ethnographically , revealed that the spontaneity with which they are often associated is linked more to their freedom of occurrence within an

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“… Academics have wives and children to support.  The premier and his attractive blond wife…… [8].  The above examples show gender role stereotypes which presume all academicians to be male and implies that "a mother of four children" should not be holding a certain profession.…”

Section: Common Stereotypes Against Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Bias in Malay Language

Abdullah¹

2016

IJSSH

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Abstract-Language reflects the speakers of a community. The characteristics and background of an individual or society are assessed through the spoken word and forms of language. There have been many studies conducted by scholars who study foreign languages (particularly English and European languages as spoken in the United States of America (USA), Germany and Norway). The Chinese language has also been assessed by a number of scholars. Many sexist elements have been found in the Chinese language (in particular, in older forms of the language.) Unfortunately, even many language users agree that male terms sometimes fail to be gender-neutral and may therefore be a cause of sex bias as well as a vestige of past inequality, few studies have been conducted that serve to highlight the sexist elements of the Malay language. In this paper, proverbs with sexist elements will be discussed to prove that the said elements do exist in Malay language. Index Terms-Gender-bias, malay language, malay proverbs, sexist.

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Language and woman's place

Cited by 1,989 publications

References 2 publications

Homosocial desire in men's talk: Balancing and re-creating cultural discourses of masculinity

Homosocial desire in men's talk: Balancing and re-creating cultural discourses of masculinity

Pretty Is As Pretty Does: A Speech Act View of Sex Roles

Gender Bias in Malay Language

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