“…Likewise, MacIntyre and Gardner (1991) defined language anxiety as a situation-specific anxiety, in which learners might continue to experience the same anxiety in specific situations over time. In the past decade or so, studies on language anxiety have developed a focus on specific language skills-related anxiety such as speaking (Öztürk & Gürbüz, 2014;Woodrow, 2006), reading (Aydın & Gönen, 2012;Matsuda & Gobel, 2004;Ro, 2013), writing (Scullin & Baron, 2013;Cheng, Horwitz, & Schallert, 1999;Leki, 1999), and listening (Vogely, 1999;Chang, 2008) in a target language.…”