“…English as the medium of instruction (EMI) has been gradually developed and applied in numerous universities in Asian countries to promote international competitiveness in higher education and attract more international students, and Taiwan is no exception. Arising from this, many studies have drawn attention to related aspects, such as institutional policies and practices of EMI (Lau & Lin, 2017;Lin, 2023;Vuong et al, 2021;Wu, 2023), curriculum development and course evaluation (Le & Tang, 2022;Liu et al, 2022), professional development (Graham & Eslami, 2023), intercultural interaction in academic settings (Lacaste et al, 2022;Nguyen, 2021), academic assessment (Lin, 2020), students' perspective on EMI (Hsu, 2023;Lan, 2022;Moncada-Comas, 2022), EMI lectures in online settings (Picciuolo, 2023), and language-content partnership at Chinese universities (Li et al, 2024). Nevertheless, how participants interact in EMI in the context of using English as an academic lingua franca lacks attention, not to mention oral forms of academic assessment in higher education and oral defences for theses and dissertations, which have rarely been explored because of their blocked nature and the difficulty of collecting oral defence data.…”