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Portrait of a serial killer: Intertextuality and gender in the portrait filmThe serial killer has always been understood in and through popular culture, emerging as a figure of historical, criminological and popular significance not with the first instance of multiple killings, but with the first widespread narrativisation of an ongoing case of serial murder in the popular press. We refer, of course, to the 1888 femicides in Whitechapel, attributed to "Jack the Ripper". In contemporaneous press accounts of these murders, fictional antecedents provided a compelling hook on which to hang the story as well as a ready-made narrative structure for its telling. As such, the serial killer was, from the outset, understood intertextually, in relation to other (factual and fictional) killers and through serialised narrative forms with their own generic conventions. This has created an interesting tension in popular discourse, for whilst the serial killer is widely constructed as a unique individual (Cameron and Frazer 1987), this has itself become formulaic through its repetition in both factual and fictional accounts whether in film, television, novels, true crime literature, press reporting or even serial killers' own accounts of their crimes (Cameron and Frazer, 1987;Biressi, 2001;Gregoriou, 2011;Bartels and Parsons, 2009;Brady, 2001). It is this tension between the individual and generic or formulaic---and, specifically, what that means for feminist understandings of serial murder---which is at the heart of this article.Our specific focus here is what Jenny Reburn (2012) has called the serial killer portrait film: a cycle of contemporary low-budget films which focus on real-life (male) serial killers with the claim to offer insight into the killer and his crimes.Typically low-budget, featuring actors who are relatively unknown outside of the cycle, often exhibiting poor production values and usually released straight to DVD, these films are unusual among serial killer narratives in that they demonstrate little interest in seriality: murders are out of sequence; there is little attention to patterning (victim type or method of killing); and they are almost completely lacking in suspense. The crime...