“…Recent research has highlighted the role of mobiles in foreign/second language learning (Almekhlafy & Alzubi, 2016;Ahmed, 2015;Chen, & Hsieh, 2008;Chinnery, 2006;Godwin-Jones, 2011;Hazaea & Alzubi, 2016;Kukulska-Hulme & Traxler, 2005;Rahimi, & Miri, 2014;Palfreyman, 2012;Seddigh & Shokrpur, 2012;Thornton & Houser, 2003;Wong, Chin, Tan, & Liu, 2010). Mobiles are inevitably a means of independent language learning (Clarke & Svanaes, 2015;Nino, 2015;Persson & Nouri, 2018). Nino (2015) who surveyed language learners' perceptions and experiences on the use of mobile devices to support their independent language learning in higher education claimed that mobiles are suitable for passive language skills such as the acquisition of vocabulary, written and oral comprehension, pronunciation, and grammar.…”