Language matters for neuroinclusivity

Chellappa, Sarah Laxhmi

doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00028-w

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…More generally, our results also highlight the importance of reducing cultural prejudice and, consequently, triggers and salience of stereotypes related to marginalized groups. One way to address this is by replacing stigmatizing with inclusive language that can lead to a greater cognitive representation of marginalized groups and eventually reduce cultural prejudice and stereotypes (e.g., Braun et al, 2005; Chellappa, 2023). Moreover, the strong overall effect of vicarious discrimination experience on mental health found in this meta-analysis highlights the potential impact of exposure to discrimination experienced by others (see also Cheadle et al, 2020; Wofford et al, 2019, for similar findings on how vicarious discrimination experiences affect mental health, physiological stress responses, and social relationships).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immediate effect of discrimination on mental health: A meta-analytic review of the causal evidence.

Emmer,

Dorn,

Mata

2024

Psychological Bulletin

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This meta-analysis synthesizes experimental studies on the immediate effects of discrimination on mental health, exploring the effects of different paradigms and discrimination types on diverse facets of mental health. We analyzed data from a systematic literature search (73 studies; 12,097 participants; 245 effect sizes) for randomized controlled trials with manipulation of discrimination as a predictor and mental health as an outcome using a three-level random-effects model. Experimentally manipulated discrimination led to poorer mental health (g = −0.30), also after controlling for publication year, region, education level, and methodological quality. Moderator analyses revealed stronger effects for pervasive (g = −0.55) compared to single-event manipulations (g = −0.25) and a trend toward weaker effects for samples with nonmarginalized (g = −0.16) compared to marginalized identities (g = −0.34). Gender and age did not moderate the effect. Discrimination had the largest effects on externalizing (g = −0.66) and distress-related outcomes (g = −0.41); heterosexism (g = −0.66), racism (g = −0.32), and sexism (g = −0.30) had the largest effects on mental health. Convenience sampling compromised generalizability to subgroups and the general population, downgrading methodological quality for all included studies. When interpreting the findings, selective samples (mostly young female adults with higher education), often limited ecological validity, and ethical restrictions of lab-induced discrimination need to be considered. These constraints likely led to conservative estimates of the mental health effects of discrimination in this meta-analysis. Future research should investigate more diverse samples, further explain the heterogeneity of findings, and explore protective factors of the effects of discrimination on mental health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immediate effect of discrimination on mental health: A meta-analytic review of the causal evidence.

Emmer,

Dorn,

Mata

2024

Psychological Bulletin

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“…Others use identityfirst language-they are disabled, autistic, schizophrenic, etc.-to indicate their condition is a core part of themselves. Most but not all neurodivergent persons prefer identity-first language (Chellappa, 2023;Keating et al, 2022;Kenny et al, 2016).…”

Section: Reference Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

De-centering Neuronormativity is an Imperative in Humanistic Psychotherapy: Towards a Neurodiversity-Informed, Person-Centered Approach

Bolton¹

2023

Preprint

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Here, I bring attention to some of the ways psychotherapists operate within a neuronormative frame–how they use power structures and relational instrumentality to subjugate and oppress those of differing neurological backgrounds, relegating rather than elevating neurodivergent individuals. I call on humanistic therapists to consciously de-center this neuronormativity through heightened psychotherapeutic relationality, knowing-about, and introspection. I also offer a model of neurodivergent needs which therapists might use to better understand and support their clients.

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“…Historically, the medical model excluded neurodivergent viewpoints ( Milton, 2014 ), as neurodivergent individuals were seen as less intelligent and less reliable than their neurotypical counterparts ( Chellappa, 2023 ). However, epistemology suggests that neurodivergent individuals have a deeper knowledge and understanding of the neurodivergent experience than non-neurodivergent individuals, including professionals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The positive impact of identity-affirming mental health treatment for neurodivergent individuals

Kroll,

Lederman,

Kohlmeier

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionThe medical and social definitions of neurodivergence have become a common topic of discussion in recent years, and the ways that we define, measure and report on conditions within the neurodivergent umbrella are changing. The objective of this study was to analyze differences in mental health symptom presentation at intake and compare treatment outcomes among three groups: clients with an affirming neurodivergent diagnosis, clients without an affirming diagnosis, and neurotypical clients.MethodsData were collected at intake and discharge. Clients self-reported neurodivergent identity, neurodivergent diagnoses, as well as the severity of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and self-harm frequency. One-way multivariate analysis of variance tests were run to assess differences in mental health symptoms at intake and discharge based on neurodivergent identity and corresponding diagnosis. When MANOVAs indicated significant differences, follow-up univariate one-way ANOVAs were conducted for each dependent variable.ResultsNeurodivergent clients reported significantly worse mental health symptoms at intake than neurotypical clients, regardless of diagnosis status. Additionally, clients who identified as neurodivergent but did not report an affirming medical diagnosis reported significantly worse mental health symptoms than those who did report an affirming medical diagnosis. By discharge from IOP treatment, no significant differences were found in symptom change scores between neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals, or neurodivergent individuals with an affirming diagnosis and those without.DiscussionThese findings highlight the importance of acknowledging client identity as a key component of mental health treatment. The act of validating symptoms and experiences, allowing accommodations when requested, and exploring identity formation regardless of diagnosis, allowed all clients who identified as neurodivergent to benefit from treatment.

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Language matters for neuroinclusivity

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

The immediate effect of discrimination on mental health: A meta-analytic review of the causal evidence.

The immediate effect of discrimination on mental health: A meta-analytic review of the causal evidence.

De-centering Neuronormativity is an Imperative in Humanistic Psychotherapy: Towards a Neurodiversity-Informed, Person-Centered Approach

The positive impact of identity-affirming mental health treatment for neurodivergent individuals

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