Taking as a case in point Cypriot Arabic (CyAr), a severely endangered language spoken in Cyprus, this paper discusses the results of the research project MapCyArS (Mapping Cypriot Arabic speakers: An investigation into linguistic demography and the sociolinguistic profile of Kormakiote Maronites), funded by the A G Leventis Foundation at the University of Cyprus (2017-2020), and highlights the need to change the way we consider language testing and assessment to fit the sociolinguistic situation of less widely spoken, oral and/or endangered languages and their communities. In the case of CyAr, we need to consider the fact that it is a language of oral tradition that has suffered severe reduction on all linguistic levels and it is not a first language for people under 40 anymore.1 Although the CEFR is designed also for lesser used and taught languages, it has nevertheless been applied to very few, among them: Catalan, Galician, Basque, Friulan or Welsh, etc., which are officially recognized within their respective areas of use.
Conversation Verbal L2 vs Verbal L1The task consists of using CyGr or translanguaging to provide short answers to questions asked in CyAr LEVEL 1 LEVEL 0 Fails to understand CyAr and correctly respond in SG 3 /(Cy)Gr Correctly understands CyAr and responds in SG/(Cy)Gr 5 Conversation Verbal L2 vs Verbal L2 The task consists of using CyAr to provide short answers to questions asked in CyAr LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 0 Fails to understand and correctly respond in CyAr Correctly understands common sentences and responds in CyAr Correctly understands a wide range of conversation 6 Metalinguistic/ Grammatical Verbal L2 vs Verbal L2The task consists of completing orally metalinguistic or grammatical tasks such as declining a verb, giving the plural of a noun, translating etc.
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 0Unable to accomplish any metalinguistic task Able to accomplish simple metalinguistic tasks Able to accomplish complex metalinguistic tasks
Conclusion 3Designing an assessment test for an endangered oral language like CyAr is a complex objective that needs to take into consideration the oral character of CyAr, its endangered situation and the advanced state of its replacement by (Cy)Gr.The oral character of CyAr suggests that we move away from reading and writing as means to evaluate oral skills. Its endangered situation suggests that traditional approaches in testing and assessment by level of competence (A1, A2, etc.) should be abandoned in favour of a more flexible type of evaluation. The advanced state of CyAr replacement by (Cy)Gr leads towards a more flexible use of language resources to evaluate speakers' proficiency, and invites us to capitalize on the use of (Cy)Gr or translanguaging to do so. The project is, therefore, also an opportunity to re-examine the baselines of language assessment used for modern languages in order to adapt them to conditions of orality and severe endangerment.