Languaging and learning in independent EFL study compared to collaborative pairwork

A scoping review of research on languaging in second language education

“…In addition, languaging is found to be observable in learners’ Language-Related Episodes (LREs) [ 9 ]. Independent learning brings about significantly fewer LREs than collaborative learning, and independent learning LREs are similar to the LREs initiated by each learner in a collaborative study [ 5 ]. These results suggest that independent learning can identify language problems to a similar extent as collaborative learning.…”

“…Participants who collaboratively write argumentative essays have been found to produce significantly more error-free clauses than learners who write the same essay alone [ 21 ]. In addition, the additive effect of the two learners in a collaborative study leads to greater languaging than in independent studies [ 5 ]. It was concluded that collaborative learning contributes to the construction of meaning in L2 writing [ 50 ].…”

“…2 , teachers first choose tasks that are suitable for the students’ levels, catering to their interests and reflecting the language learning goals to be achieved [ 4 , 23 ]. Second, teachers are suggested to guide students in the process of languaging, such as giving prompts to ensure that the students language in detail about the relevant knowledge [ 5 ]. After languaging, teachers can test the effect of languaging on L2 learning [ 3 ].…”

“…Moreover, these reviews did not focus on the research subjects of languaging. In fact, existing research has explored languaging among multiple populations such as public school teachers [ 11 ] and tertiary EFL students [ 9 ], undergraduate students [ 10 ], and adult learners [ 5 ]. The attitudes of these participants towards languaging activities may be divergent.…”

“…With the advent of the social turn in second language acquisition (SLA) research, sociocultural theory has been attracting increasing attention from both academia and practitioners in the past decades [ 1 , 2 ]. As one of the core concepts of socio-cultural theory, languaging has recently emerged as a hot topic [ [3] , [4] , [5] ]. This refers to the process of constructing meaning, shaping knowledge, and generating experiences through language [ 6 ].…”