Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
have had commercial success
in displays and lighting. Compared to red and green OLEDs, blue OLEDs
are still the bottleneck because the high-energy and long-lived triplet
exciton in traditional blue OLEDs causes the short operational lifetime
of the device. As a new type emitter, lanthanide complexes with a
5d–4f transition could have short excited-state lifetimes on
the order of nanoseconds. To achieve a high-efficiency 5d–4f
transition, we systematically tuned the steric and electronic effects
of tripodal tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands and drew a full picture
of their Ce(III) complexes. Intriguingly, all of these complexes show
bright blue emission with high photoluminescence quantum yields exceeding
95% and short decay lifetimes of 35–73 ns both in the solid
powder and in dichloromethane
solutions. Using the Ce(III) complex emitter, we show a blue OLED
with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 14.1% and a maximum
luminance of 33,160 cd m–2, and the specific electroluminescence
mechanism of direct exciton formation on the Ce(III) ion with a near-unity
exciton utilization efficiency is also confirmed. The discovered photoluminescence
and electroluminescence property–structure relationships may
shed new light on the rational design of highly efficient lanthanide-based
blue emitters and their optoelectronic devices such as OLEDs.