Lanthanum-based mixed oxides for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea

Zhang, Juan; He, Dehua

doi:10.1007/s11144-014-0739-6

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The lowest glycerol conversion of 34.92% was achieved by the ratio 1,2: 1. This was similar to Zhang & He (2014) which stated that the excess of urea would cause a side reaction to form methyl carbamate. Methyl carbamate was formed by the reaction between glycerol carbonate and urea.…”

Section: Effect Of Reactant Molar Ratiosupporting

confidence: 73%

THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL <br> AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15

Suyatmo

Sulistyo

Sediawan

2017

JBAT

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The growing utilization of biodiesel as a renewable fuel has generated a large surplus of glycerol as a major byproduct. The prices of glycerol continue to drop in such an oversaturated market. Therefore, new uses are being developed for glycerol to produce valueadded chemicals. Among those chemicals, glycerol carbonate has many application in various fields. Glycerol carbonate is mostly used as a solvent in cosmetic and pharmacheutical industries due to its low toxicity, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure. The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea using Amberlyst15 as a catalyst was being conducted in this study. The reaction was carried out using a batch reactor for 5 hours with the condition of the reaction temperature was around 120 o C, mole ratios of reactant of urea:glycerol were 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, and 1.2:1 , catalyst concentrations were 2%, 2,5%, 3%, and 4%, and mixing speeds were 370 rpm, 525 rpm, and 700 rpm. It is found that the optimum conversion of glycerol was obtained at 120 o C with 5 hours of reaction using an equimolar amount of glycerol and urea with catalyst load of 3%. Mixing speed did not affect glycerol conversion. Amberlyst15 as catalyst was also stable enough to be reused at least for three times.

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Section: Effect Of Reactant Molar Ratiosupporting

confidence: 73%

THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL <br> AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15

Suyatmo

Sulistyo

Sediawan

2017

JBAT

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“…The highest glycerol conversion obtained at molar ration of 1:0.5 at constant 3% (%wt) of catalyst loading and temperature of 393 K. At this condition we achieve 55.07% glycerol conversion. Higher urea to glycerol molar ratio allows more carbonyl groups produced, so that reaction between glycerol glycerol and urea will produce glycerol carbonate easily (Zhang & He, 2014). This results is supported by Hammond et al (2011) statement, when urea becomes limiting reactant there is not enough urea used in reaction with consequence of reducing glycerol conversion.…”

Section: Effect Of Catalyst Weightmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…There are several reaction steps in producing glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea. Zhang & He (2014) propose reaction steps of glycerol with urea as shown in Figure 1. Glycerol and urea is reacted to produce intermediate which might produce byproduct beside glycerol carbonate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate From Biodiesel Byproduct Glycerol and Urea Over Amberlyst 36

Senania

Sulistyo

Prasetya

2017

JBAT

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The increasing use of biodiesel as renewable fuels leads to the increasing of glycerol amount as a byproduct of biodiesel production. One of the glycerol derivative products that is environmentally friendly and renewable is glycerol carbonate. Glycerol carbonate is commonly used as a raw material for polymers, surfactants, emulsifiers, lubricants, paints, also used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the research was carried out by using a batch reactor with a three-neck flask equipped with reverse cooling, thermometers, mercury stirrer, and heating mantle with the conditions of the reaction temperature around 373 -413 K, mole ratio of reactants of urea: glycerol were 1:0,5, 1:1, 1:1,5, 1:2 and 1:4 and the concentration of catalyst were 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% respectively. Reaction was done for four hours. The results showed that the formation of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea using a catalyst Amberlyst 36 is affected by the catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and the ratio of reactants used. The highest glycerol conversion was obtained at 55.07% at a temperature of 393 K with mole ratio of urea and glycerol 1:0,5 and the percentage of catalyst 3% of the amount of glycerol.

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“…(2) the (HEIm) 2 ZnBr 2 was incorporated into MPR by alkoxylation. Under the reaction temperature of 140℃ for 6 h, 72.3% selectivity of GC was achieved using (HEIm) 2 [113] (La) based catalysts were also developed in the synthesis of GC, including LaCl 3 [123], La 2 O 3 [124], and La 2 Cu 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 4 [125]. For LaCl 3 catalyzed glycerolysis, the key reaction mechanism is illustrated in Scheme 11. ree oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group of the 2,3-dihydroxypropyl carbamate (HPC) coordinated with La 3+ of LaCl 3 ; the electrons of C-N groups redistributed wherein the proton transferred onto the carbon atom leading to the carbocation and nitrogen anion and favoring the intramolecular nucleophilic attack of adjoining hydroxyl group.…”

Section: Reaction With Tungsten-based Catalyst Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of Catalytic Valorization of Bio-Glycerol with Urea into Glycerol Carbonate as a Monomer for Polymeric Materials

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2020

Advances in Polymer Technology

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Versatile polymers with highly adjustable characteristics and a broad range of applications are possibly developed owing to the contemporary industrial polymerization techniques. However, industrial production of large amounts of chemicals and polymers heavily depends on petroleum resources which are dwindling and unsustainable. Of particular interest is to utilize sustainable and green resources for the manufacture of polymeric materials. The efficient transformation of bio-glycerol to the relevant functional derivatives are being widely investigated owing to the increasing demand for enhancing the value of glycerol manufactured by biodiesel and oleochemical industries. With respect to glycerol-based polymer chemistry and technology, considering the economy and environmental benefits, using effective catalysts for the selective transformation of bio-glycerol and urea into glycerol carbonate (GC) as a polymer monomer is of great significance. In this review, recent studies on GC synthesis involving the catalysts such as zinc, magnesium, tungsten, ionic liquid-based catalysts, reaction conditions, and possible pathways are primarily described. Some critical issues and challenges with respect to the rational development of heterogeneous catalytic materials like well-balanced acid-base sites are also illustrated.

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Lanthanum-based mixed oxides for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL <br> AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15

THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL <br> AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15

The Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate From Biodiesel Byproduct Glycerol and Urea Over Amberlyst 36

Progress of Catalytic Valorization of Bio-Glycerol with Urea into Glycerol Carbonate as a Monomer for Polymeric Materials

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