including solar, wind, hydro, and biofuel, are highly desired to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. However, according to the data provided by International Energy Agency, the global energy demand is 120 Mtoe in 2019, most (80%) of which was derived from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil), leading to a huge CO 2 emission (33Gt in 2019). [1][2][3] One of the difficulties hindering the widespread use of these renewable energy sources is their intermittent and unpredictable nature. [4,5] Electrochemical reaction, a promising strategy for converting intermittent electricity into chemical energy, can produce a wide variety of important fuels and chemical feedstock, including hydrogen, hydrocarbons and ammonia. [6][7][8] The feedstocks for these productions obtained from electrochemical reactions can be offered by abundant and universal source, such as water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. In last decades, due to the net-zero carbon emission features, electrochemical reactions have initiated extensive investigations based on water splitting reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. [9][10][11][12] In these green technologies, electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a core reaction of these process, has a direct impact on device efficiency and cost effectiveness (Figure 1). [13,14] However, OER involves multistep four-electron transferring steps associated with OH breaking and OO formations, thus suffering from sluggish kinetics and requiring a high energy loss (high potential). Therefore, efficient and stable OER electrocatalysts are required to make these renewable energy storage/conversion processes to be viable and scalable technologies. [15,16,221,222] The OER catalysts can be classified into two categories: [17,18] molecular catalysts for homogeneous system and solid catalysts for heterogeneous system. In the homogeneous catalytic system, the molecular catalysts and the electrolyte are in solution, and the OER takes place in the liquid phase. The performance of molecular OER catalysts can be explained and understood at a molecular level by many relatively simple spectroscopic physicochemical techniques. Based on the mechanistic understanding at a molecular level, their geometric and electronic properties are much easier to be fine-tuned to achieve optimum performance by careful selection of the metal ion and ligand environment. Despite all these advantages, molecular catalysts are still not appropriate to be used in practical Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an important electrode reaction in electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical cells for a carbonfree energy cycle, has attracted considerable attention in the last few years. Metal oxides have been considered as good candidates for electrocatalytic OER because they can be easily synthesized and are relatively stable during the OER process. However, inevitable structural variations still occur to them due to the complex reaction steps and harsh working conditions of OER, thus impending the ...