PreambleThe use of ultrasound in the operating room by surgeons is increasing, and the indications and use of ultrasound by laparoscopists and endoscopists are evolving. These guidelines are intended to provide current recommendations for the use and benefits of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) for the surgeon. They are not intended to show the only uses and applications but rather ones for which data are available to make a recommendation. Recommendations are based on the current medical evidence and are graded according to that evidence.
DisclaimerClinical practice guidelines are intended to indicate the best available approach to medical conditions as established by systematic review of available data and expert opinion. The approach suggested may not be the only acceptable one given the complexity of the health care environment. These guidelines are intended to be flexible, as the surgeon must always choose the approach best suited to the patient and to the variables in existence at the time of the decision. These guidelines are applicable to all physicians who are appropriately credentialed and address clinical situations regardless of specialty.Guidelines are developed under the auspices of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and its guidelines committee and approved by the Board of Governors. The recommendations for each guideline undergo multidisciplinary review and are considered valid at the time of production based on the data available. Recent developments in medical research and practice pertinent to each guideline will be reviewed, and guidelines will be updated on a periodic basis.
Literature review methodsA moderate body of literature applies to LUS. Our systematic literature search of MEDLINE for the period 1966 through May 15, 2007, limited to English-language articles, identified 146 relevant reports. The search strategy used the terms The articles were divided into the following categories:(a) Randomized studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews (b) Prospective studies (c) Retrospective studies (d) Case reports (e) Review articles All case reports, old reviews, and smaller studies were excluded.