Historical perspectives Stereotactic neurosurgery refers to a variety of techniques for performing intracranial procedures with a high level of precision and accuracy by establishing a fixed coordinate system within the brain. Traditionally, stereotactic head frames have been used to establish a coordinate system and introduce various instruments such as needles or electrodes. The development of stereotactic frames began toward the end of the 19th century. In 1873, Dittmar used a Contents lists available at ScienceDirect