In recent years, laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with open excision of the lower ureter is replacing this procedure as the new gold standard. [2][3][4][5][6] Whilst advances in flexible fibre-optic instruments and improvements in laser technology have made organsparing endoscopic management of low-grade TCC a realistic option in high-grade or multifocal disease, based on principles of surgical oncology, nephroureterectomy remains the preferred management option.Until fairly recently, nephroureterectomy was performed based on pre-operative imaging such as intravenous urography (IVU), CT, retrograde pyelography (RGP) and abnormal selective urine cytology. With advances in instrument technology and the regular use of flexible ureteroscopy for . Increasing use of diagnostic upper tract endoscopy has underlined the importance of obtaining a pre-operative histological diagnosis in order to avoid under-treating high-grade or multifocal disease and over-treating low-grade disease, which could, in selected cases, be managed conservatively. We review nephroureterectomy at our institution over a 10-year period with particular reference to a pre-operative histological diagnosis.