Lapses in alertness: Brain-evoked responses to task-irrelevant auditory probes.

Makeig, Scott; Elliott, Fiona; Inlow, Mark; Kobus, David A.

doi:10.1037/e478002004-001

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Operators' accuracy on vigilance tasks tends to decline with lower levels of proficiency and higher levels of workload [1]. Moreover, one study [14] finds that operators' performance gets discounted after a certain period of time, due to fatigue. Based on these facts, we model an operator's accuracy of steering sensors to capture high resolution imagery of targets as probability distributions that correlate with proficiency, workload, and fatigue.…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controller synthesis for autonomous systems interacting with human operators

Wiltsche

Humphrey

et al. 2015

Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems

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We propose an approach to synthesize control protocols for autonomous systems that account for uncertainties and imperfections in interactions with human operators. As an illustrative example, we consider a scenario involving road network surveillance by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is controlled remotely by a human operator but also has a certain degree of autonomy. Depending on the type (i.e., probabilistic and/or nondeterministic) of knowledge about the uncertainties and imperfections in the operatorautonomy interactions, we use abstractions based on Markov decision processes and augment these models to stochastic two-player games. Our approach enables the synthesis of operator-dependent optimal mission plans for the UAV, highlighting the effects of operator characteristics (e.g., workload, proficiency, and fatigue) on UAV mission performance; it can also provide informative feedback (e.g., Pareto curves showing the trade-offs between multiple mission objectives), potentially assisting the operator in decision-making. ABSTRACTWe propose an approach to synthesize control protocols for autonomous systems that account for uncertainties and imperfections in interactions with human operators. As an illustrative example, we consider a scenario involving road network surveillance by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is controlled remotely by a human operator but also has a certain degree of autonomy. Depending on the type (i.e., probabilistic and/or nondeterministic) of knowledge about the uncertainties and imperfections in the operatorautonomy interactions, we use abstractions based on Markov decision processes and augment these models to stochastic two-player games. Our approach enables the synthesis of operator-dependent optimal mission plans for the UAV, highlighting the e↵ects of operator characteristics (e.g., workload, proficiency, and fatigue) on UAV mission performance; it can also provide informative feedback (e.g., Pareto curves showing the trade-o↵s between multiple mission objectives), potentially assisting the operator in decision-making.

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Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar trends can be found in other studies. One study of vigilance tasks found declining response rates after as little as 3 minutes of task performance, with response rates eventually plateauing at 70-80% of initial rates [14]. Di↵erences in task performance can also vary between operators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controller synthesis for autonomous systems interacting with human operators

Wiltsche

Humphrey

et al. 2015

Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems

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“…Since the landmark investigations of Mackworth (1948), studies of alertness have confirmed that, on average, detection rates in laboratory tests begin to degrade after 2 to 3 rain of task performance, eventually reaching a plateau during which 70% to 80% of targets are detected (Makeig, Elliott, Inlow, & Kobus, 1990). While most vigilance research in the past has focused on measuring mean trends in performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While most vigilance research in the past has focused on measuring mean trends in performance. performance actually tends to fluctuate irregularly within sessions, with periods of several minutes of complete unresponsiveness not uncommonly observed (Makeig et al, 1990). During the last century, scattered studies have presented evidence for the presence of regular fluctuations in performance at cycle lengths ranging from a few seconds to several minutes for measures including time estimation, threshold detection, reaction time, and spontaneous speaking rate (Stroud, 1966).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous psychophysiological studies of alertness have often used the same estimator for all subjects. However, the relatively large individual variability in EEG dynamics accompanying loss of alertness means that for many operators, group statistics cannot be used to accurately predict changes in alertness and performance (Makeig et al, 1990;Makeig & Inlow, 1993), and estimators customized to individual operators would be more accurate in many cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Demonstration of an Alertness Monitoring Management System

Makeig¹,

Elliott²,

Postal³

1994

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First Demonstration of an Alertness Monitoring Management System

Makeig¹,

Elliott²,

Postal³

1993

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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A first laboratory version of an Alertness Monitoring/Management (AMM) system has been designed and implemented. The system continually estimates the level of alertness of a human subject using EEG spectral information recorded from the subject's scalp, and delivers auditory feedback to assist the subject in managing his or her own level of alertness in work environments requiring constant vigilance. The system allows experimenters to monitor its input and output via real-time color graphics displays.As a first demonstration and evaluation of the system, six subjects participated in five halfhour sessions (three training and two feedback sessions), which involved dual detection tasks simulating the passive sonar environment. Auditory targets, 300-ms noisebursts presented at 6 dB above a noise background, were presented at a mean rate of 10 targets per minute. A continuoup visual waterfall display presented illuminated vertical line targets at a mean rate of one per minute. Subjects pressed one response button to report noisebursts and another to report visual targets.Neural net estimation algorithms were trained for each subject to estimate the current probability of detecting auditory targets using electroencephalogram (EEG) and performance data collected during one or more of the initial training sessions. During feedback sessions, real-time signal processing and individualized neural network analysis of EEG recorded from a central scalp electrode were used to estimate continuously, in near real-time, the current probability-ofdetection of auditory targets. Whenever this probability-of-detection measure declined below a preset threshold (e.g., when it predicted more than a 40% chance of failure to detect the auditory targets), the system sounded an alarm in the subject's headphones. When training sessions comprising a relatively wide range of detection rates were used to train the estimation algorithms, the alertness estimates followed changes in observed detection probability relatively accurately.Four of the six subjects reported that the alertness feedback helped them to maintain detection performance. A fifth subject did not produce enough detection lapses to fairly evaluate the system. Review of data from the sixth subject suggested that future versions of the system may be able to provide useful feedback to this subject as well. Review of results of the demonstration "experiment have suggested several improvements to signal processing and training procedures used in the system. Effects of these enhancements on system performance are being evaluated.

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Lapses in alertness: Brain-evoked responses to task-irrelevant auditory probes.

Abstract: SummaryThirteen subjects participated in an auditory simulation of a passive sonar target detection environment. Targets were 300 ms noise bursts presented at near threshold levels in a noise background at a mean rate of 10 per minute. Task-irrelevant probe tones were also presented

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Controller synthesis for autonomous systems interacting with human operators

Controller synthesis for autonomous systems interacting with human operators

First Demonstration of an Alertness Monitoring Management System

First Demonstration of an Alertness Monitoring Management System

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