“…In the past decade, LAOS has become a canonical technique for quantifying the rheological characteristics of polymers, soft solids, gels, emulsions and various other complex fluids and materials 48,54 . The techniques have also been successfully applied to understand the intracycle strain dependent hardening/softening or thickening/ thinning of biological materials, examples of which include: mucus of the gastropod 55 , hagfish slime 56 , fibrobalst cells 57 , fibrin/collagen gels 58 , vocal fold tissues 59 , pluronic/hyaluronic acid 60,61 , Xanthan gum 62 and blood 63 . For biofilms, LAOS provides us with the ability to determine the nonlinear material response of biofilms when subjected to large shear.…”