“…Exchange rate flexibility ensures that monetary policy is somewhat independent of capital inflows. By introducing uncertainty, a more flexible exchange rate could discourage short-term speculative flows and reduce financial system vulnerability, particularly when supervision and regulation are poor (Calvo, Leiderman, and Reinhart, 1996;Lopez-Mejia, 1999). Hence, a flexible exchange rate regime would penalize the capital flows that generate the most real appreciation.…”