“…However, as the distortion of bubble shapes becomes more pronounced with increasing mass and heat flux, representing bubbles as spheres can lead to significant errors. Recently, the EL model has been primarily applied in conjunction with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model to simulate turbulent bubble columns , or biochemical reactors with bubble injection from the bottom. These simulations have considered the species transport and mass transfer induced by reactions, , bubble breakage/coalescence, bubble growth/collapse, bubble deformation, and bubble-induced turbulence .…”