“…Square cylinders are widely used in the engineering field, and they are common structures in fishways. A square cylinder can be regarded as a bluff body structure with a rectangular cross section, such as cylinders, beams, and fences in the building structure (Chen, 2019;Shui et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021). In fluid mechanics, the flow around a square cylinder is a classic problem of flow around a bluff body, which contains complex phenomena such as impact, separation, reattachment, orbiting, and vortex often encountered in various fields (Lahaye et al, 2014;Vikram et al, 2020).…”