Large optical nonlinearity of ITO nanorods for sub-picosecond all-optical modulation of the full-visible spectrum

Guo, Peijun; Schaller, Richard D.; Ocola, Leonidas E.; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Ketterson, J. B.; Chang, Robert P. H.

doi:10.1038/ncomms12892

Cited by 105 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Nonlinear response of nanorods made from ITO can be stronger if they possess resonant properties . Moreover, ultra‐fast switching can be achieved in a broad range of wavelengths (from near‐ to mid‐infrared) by changing the angle of incidence (see the inset below Figure e).…”

Section: Reversible Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light‐Induced Tuning and Reconfiguration of Nanophotonic Structures

Makarov

Zalogina

Tajik

et al. 2017

Laser & Photonics Reviews

180

115

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Interaction of light pulses of various durations and intensities with nanoscale photonic structures plays an important role in many applications of nanophotonics for high-density data storage, ultra-fast data processing, surface coloring and sensing. A design of optically tunable and reconfigurable structures made from different materials is based on many important physical effects and advances in material science, and it employs the resonant character of light interaction with nanostructures and strong field confinement at the nanoscale. Here we review the recent progress in physics of tunable and reconfigurable nanophotonic structures of different types. We start from low laser intensities that produce weak reversible changes in nanostructures, and then move to the discussion of non-reversible changes in photonic structures. We focus on three platforms based on metallic, dielectric and hybrid resonant photonic structures such as nanoantennas, nanoparticle oligomers and nanostructured metasurfaces. Main challenges and key advantages of each of the approaches focusing on applications in advanced photonic technologies are also discussed.

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Section: Reversible Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light‐Induced Tuning and Reconfiguration of Nanophotonic Structures

Makarov

Zalogina

Tajik

et al. 2017

Laser & Photonics Reviews

180

115

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“…In a few other studies, the nonlinear response of ITO was used to enhance optical switching . ITO, with its plasma frequency at near‐IR wavelengths and a reduced carrier density of ≈10 21 cm ‐3 as compared to metals, is a suitable material allowing for optically inducing large relative changes in its carrier density and thus its optical properties.…”

Section: Adaptive Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allowed for isolating the fast Kerr component (occurring in the substrate) from the slow free‐carrier component (occurring in the pumped antennas) of relaxation and achieving shorter relaxation times down to 2 ps. Plasmon enhanced nonlinearities in vertical ITO nanopillars were induced with near‐IR pump pulses and were also exploited for tuning metasurfaces . This allowed for transmission modulation of probe pulses in the near‐ to mid‐IR and visible spectral range with a fast decay component with relaxation times of 0.5–2 ps and a longer thermalization related relaxation time.…”

Section: Adaptive Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Metasurfaces: Evolving from Passive to Adaptive

Hail

Michel

Poulikakos

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

124

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of ultrathin, artificial surfaces, so-called metasurfaces, for manipulating the propagation of light at will. [1,2] Metasurfaces control the propagation of light by abruptly changing its phase, amplitude, polarization, or spectrum at a surface and within a thin (quasi-2D) layer using large arrays of optical scatterers with subwavelength separation. Ideally, each scatterer can be independently engineered in order to locally influence the wavelets of the impinging light, and therefore, arbitrarily reform the wavefront. This concept has been exploited to create a variety of flat optical elements such as beam deflectors, [3][4][5] lenses, [6][7][8] and holograms. [9,10] As compared to bulky refraction-based optical elements, these surfaces are of subwavelength or wavelength-scale thickness, which enables their integration into compact devices. A main feature of the majority of such flat optical elements is that they are passive, and once fabricated, their optical functionalities are invariable. A beam deflector of this kind will direct light of a certain wavelength and direction always into the same direction, or a lens will focus light always to the same focal point. A broad range of new applications could be enabled if it were possible to actively and reversibly change the functionality of metasurfaces after their fabrication. With such "adaptive" metasurfaces beam deflectors with adjustable angle of deflection, metalenses with variable focal length or dynamic holograms may be realized. Advances toward such active devices are highly relevant for applications such as light detection and ranging [11] (LIDAR) sensing for driverless cars, dynamic zoom lenses for miniaturized camera systems [12] (e.g., in smartphones), or holographic displays for augmented reality devices. [13] An adaptive metasurface allows for the dynamic adjustment of an optical functionality of the surface. As shown in Figure 1, for the specific case of a metalens, these surfaces can be categorized based on their degree of dynamic adaptivity. While a passive surface has a fixed functionality, a switchable metasurface allows for switching back and forth between two (or more) predefined states (e.g., switching between different focal lengths, deflection angles, or hologram images). A continuously tunable metasurface enables continuous adjustment of a property within a range (e.g., tunable focal length or deflection angle). Finally, a freely tunable metasurface allows for continuous, arbitrary adjustment of a property, for example, 3D adjustment of the focal point of the metalens shown in Figure 1. Adaptive functionalities can be added to metasurfaces with different methods, for example, by mechanically rearranging the scatterers on the surface with respect to each other, or modifying

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“…Therefore, the excited states of such dielectrics enable optical switching, even within their transparency window. The span of active media for optical switching covers a wide range of metals, [1,[11][12][13][14][15] conductive oxides, [1,[16][17][18][19] dielectrics, [1,[20][21][22][23][24] and organic materials, [25,26] utilized either in bulk formats or tailored as miniaturized device platforms. The formation of excited charge carriers induces a transient change in material properties, namely linear and nonlinear indices of refraction, activating a category of ultrafast optical processes that are unlikely to happen through the interaction of light with the static form of matter.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/smll201906347mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocarrier‐Induced Active Control of Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity in Monolayer MoS₂

Taghinejad

Wang

et al. 2020

Small

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Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in their excited states can serve as exceptionally small building blocks for active optical platforms. In this scheme, optical excitation provides a practical approach to control light‐TMD interactions via the photocarrier generation, in an ultrafast manner. Here, it is demonstrated that via a controlled generation of photocarriers the second‐harmonic generation (SHG) from a monolayer MoS2 crystal can be substantially modulated up to ≈55% within a timeframe of ≈250 fs, a set of performance characteristics that showcases the promise of low‐dimensional materials for all‐optical nonlinear data processing. The combined experimental and theoretical study suggests that the large SHG modulation stems from the correlation between the second‐order dielectric susceptibility χ(2) and the density of photoexcited carriers in MoS2. Indeed, the depopulation of the conduction band electrons, at the vicinity of the high‐symmetry K/K′ points of MoS2, suppresses the contribution of interband electronic transitions in the effective χ(2) of the monolayer crystal, enabling the all‐optical modulation of the SHG signal. The strong dependence of the second‐order optical response on the density of photocarriers reveals the promise of time‐resolved nonlinear characterization as an alternative route to monitoring carrier dynamics in excited states of TMDs.

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Large optical nonlinearity of ITO nanorods for sub-picosecond all-optical modulation of the full-visible spectrum

Cited by 105 publications

References 51 publications

Light‐Induced Tuning and Reconfiguration of Nanophotonic Structures

Light‐Induced Tuning and Reconfiguration of Nanophotonic Structures

Optical Metasurfaces: Evolving from Passive to Adaptive

Photocarrier‐Induced Active Control of Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity in Monolayer MoS₂

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Large optical nonlinearity of ITO nanorods for sub-picosecond all-optical modulation of the full-visible spectrum

Cited by 105 publications

References 51 publications

Light‐Induced Tuning and Reconfiguration of Nanophotonic Structures

Light‐Induced Tuning and Reconfiguration of Nanophotonic Structures

Optical Metasurfaces: Evolving from Passive to Adaptive

Photocarrier‐Induced Active Control of Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity in Monolayer MoS2

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Photocarrier‐Induced Active Control of Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity in Monolayer MoS₂