Large radius of curvature micro-lenses on single crystal diamond for application in monolithic diamond Raman lasers

Liu, Hangyu; Reilly, Sean; Herrnsdorf, Johannes; Xie, Enyuan; Savitski, Vasili; Kemp, Alan J.; Gu, Erdan; Dawson, Martin D.

doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2016.01.016

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…13,14 The technique of diamond microlens fabrication with a special geometry might also find use in solid-immersion-lenses for quantum related technologies. 10,29,30 Similarly, microlenses with different diameters and ROCs on various materials can be achieved following the principles outlined here on demand and might find their application in imaging 31 or displays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 Especially, a diamond microlens with a large radius of curvature (ROC) is desired in semiconductor disk lasers and diamond Raman lasers to provide mode matching or reduce the risk of mirror coating damage. [12][13][14] Up until now, microlenses are typically fabricated by thermal reflow of a single PR layer 15 and subsequent pattern transfer by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching. This approach is attractive due to its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the high surface quality of the resulting microlenses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of edge bulge evolution during photoresist reflow and its application to diamond microlens fabrication

Liu

Herrnsdorf

et al. 2016

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phen

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The authors present an empirical study of profile evolution of lithographically defined photoresist (PR) patterns during thermal reflow and apply the findings to diamond microlens fabrication. During PR reflow, a bulge forms at the edge of the PR pattern and propagates inwards as the temperature and PR thickness are increased. An empirical relationship for this propagation is derived. Furthermore, it was found that at a certain reflow temperature and a limited pattern size, there is a minimum initial thickness of the PR pattern for forming spherical lens profiles. Based on these findings, diamond microlenses with a diameter of 400 μm and a previously unachieved radius of curvature of over 13 mm were fabricated. This is underpinned by forming PR microlens patterns with a large radius of curvature and transferring the PR patterns through low-selectivity Ar/Cl2 inductively coupled plasma etching.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of edge bulge evolution during photoresist reflow and its application to diamond microlens fabrication

Liu

Herrnsdorf

et al. 2016

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phen

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“…The advent of HPHT and CVD technologies, with the possibility of synthesizing diamonds at reasonable costs, have fostered the use of diamond based technologies with outcomes in a variety of ordinary commercial products. Diamond lenses for optical applications for high-power high-energy radiations or harsh envorinments is an example [275,276]. Diamond with its outstanding thermal conductivity coupled with the high isolating power [277] makes it desirable in high power electrical devices [278,279].…”

Section: Nanodiamonds and Diamond Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Liu

Speranza

2019

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Over the past decade, carbon nanostructures (CNSs) have been widely used in a variety of biomedical applications. Examples are the use of CNSs for drug and protein delivery or in tools to locally dispense nucleic acids to fight tumor affections. CNSs were successfully utilized in diagnostics and in noninvasive and highly sensitive imaging devices thanks to their optical properties in the near infrared region. However, biomedical applications require a complete biocompatibility to avoid adverse reactions of the immune system and CNSs potentials for biodegradability. Water is one of the main constituents of the living matter. Unfortunately, one of the disadvantages of CNSs is their poor solubility. Surface functionalization of CNSs is commonly utilized as an efficient solution to both tune the surface wettability of CNSs and impart biocompatible properties. Grafting functional groups onto the CNSs surface consists in bonding the desired chemical species on the carbon nanoparticles via wet or dry processes leading to the formation of a stable interaction. This latter may be of different nature as the van Der Waals, the electrostatic or the covalent, the π-π interaction, the hydrogen bond etc. depending on the process and on the functional molecule at play. Grafting is utilized for multiple purposes including bonding mimetic agents such as polyethylene glycol, drug/protein adsorption, attaching nanostructures to increase the CNSs opacity to selected wavelengths or provide magnetic properties. This makes the CNSs a very versatile tool for a broad selection of applications as medicinal biochips, new high-performance platforms for magnetic resonance (MR), photothermal therapy, molecular imaging, tissue engineering, and neuroscience. The scope of this work is to highlight up-to-date using of the functionalized carbon materials such as graphene, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, fullerene and nanodiamonds in biomedical applications.

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“…An array of micro-lenses was etched on the diamond surface to create a micro-lensed device (see Fig. 1), using a technique described in detail in [19]. The micro-lenses have parameters similar to the ones reported in [16].…”

Section: A 1 St Stokes Emission Energy Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Scaling, Second Stokes Oscillation, and Raman Gain-Guiding in Monolithic Diamond Raman Lasers

Savitski

Demetriou

Reilly

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Energy scaling of the 1st Stokes oscillation is compared in micro-lensed and plane-plane monolithic diamond Raman lasers under 532 nm pumping. A maximum Raman pulse energy of 92 µJ at 573 nm was achieved with the micro-lensed device, while in a plane-plane configuration the maximum Raman pulse energy was 3.1 mJ. 2nd Stokes generation at 620 nm in 2 and 1 mm long micro-lensed monolithic diamond Raman lasers is also reported. The best conversion efficiency from the pump at 532 nm, namely 63 %, was observed in a 2 mm long crystal at the pump pulse intensity of 4.5 GW/cm 2. By measuring the output Raman laser beam caustic it was found that the 2nd Stokes intracavity beam radius at the output coupler of the micro-lensed device is at least two times smaller than that expected from the ABCD matrix calculations of the resonator mode. A Raman gain-guiding mechanism is suggested to explain this difference.

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Large radius of curvature micro-lenses on single crystal diamond for application in monolithic diamond Raman lasers

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Control of edge bulge evolution during photoresist reflow and its application to diamond microlens fabrication

Control of edge bulge evolution during photoresist reflow and its application to diamond microlens fabrication

Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Energy Scaling, Second Stokes Oscillation, and Raman Gain-Guiding in Monolithic Diamond Raman Lasers

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