Large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea

Park, Jang-Sik

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.007

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…4). The identification of magnetite in the white lines is in accordance with the published literature [34,35]. Additionally, two intense bands in the region of 700 and 1100 cm -1 are attributed to Fe-rich olivine corresponding to fayalite member [37][38][39].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Elongated olivine crystallizes perpendicular to the white skins, which means that the lower flow was already cooled before the following flow arrived. This structure is well known from geological lava flows and tap-slags as spinifex texture [34]. White lines in smelting slags are explained as thin skins of magnetite formed when the surface of the slag flow oxidizes in contact with air [34,35].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Mineralogical Characterization of Slags from Oiola Site (Biscay) to Assess the Development in Bloomery Iron Smelting Technology from the Roman Period to the Early Middle Ages

Portillo-Blanco¹,

Zuluaga²,

Ortega³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Oiola archeological site, located in the mining complex of La Arboleda (Biscay, North Spain) was an important iron smelting center from the Roman Period to the Early Middle Ages and even in more current times (19th-20th centuries). Tap-slags and some plano-convex slags were identified as smelting slags. Samples were analyzed by optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron-dispersive spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy to perform a mineralogical and textural characterization. Additionally, thermogravimetric and thermodiffraction analyses were carried out to determine furnace operating temperatures. The mineral assemblage reflects furnace cooling rates and temperatures and the addition of quartz as the main flux to decrease the melting temperature of the iron ore. The comparison of slags from the Roman Period and the Early Middle Age allows to observe changes in the pyrometallurgical process through time.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Mineralogical Characterization of Slags from Oiola Site (Biscay) to Assess the Development in Bloomery Iron Smelting Technology from the Roman Period to the Early Middle Ages

Portillo-Blanco¹,

Zuluaga²,

Ortega³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Besides, the early form of plate-type objects is contemporaneous with or even predates the full establishment in China of such iron technology. By contrast, Park and Rehren (2011) found evidence of large-scale bloomery smelting practiced in the heartland of Korea in the AD 2nd to 3rd century. Their evidence confirms the theory proposed by Choi et al (1998a,b) and Yun (1984), two pillars in Korean historical metallurgy, who did not discuss the technological and historical implications behind their theory at the time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…By contrast, in an iron industry based on bloomery technology the iron would have come directly from smelting and naturally takes the shape of a plate during the smelting process. Recently, Park and Rehren (2011) discovered evidence of large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery smelting from an iron-producing site in the former Baekje territory. Their discovery supports the belief held by most Korean scholars that bloomery smelting was practiced in ancient Korea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study on the role and implication of plate-type iron artifacts in the ancient iron technology of Korea

Park

2012

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…Although the article by Kozhevnikov et al () was published in a geophysical journal, it attracted the attention of archaeologists and historians, because the site Barun‐Khal 2 has established a ‘point’ which is supposed to trace the spread of the bloomery smelting technology through the northern part of East Asia (Lochin, ; Park, Gelegdorj, & Chimiddorj, ; Park & Rehren, ; Radtke, Reiche, Reinholz, Riesemeier, & Guerra, ; Sasada & Chuang, ; Xiongnu Archaeology, ) and even Alaska (Gelvin‐Reymiller & Reuther, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geophysical prospection and archaeological excavation of ancient iron smelting sites in the Barun‐Khal valley on the western shore of Lake Baikal (Olkhon region, Siberia)

Kozhevnikov

Kharinskii

Snopkov

2018

Archaeological Prospection

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In 1997, an ancient iron production site, Barun-Khal 2, was discovered in the Barun-Khal valley (Olkhon region, near the west shore of Lake Baikal). This discovery initiated studies of the archaeometallurgical potential of the valley. They included magnetometry, resistivity, self-potential (SP) and radiometric surveys, archaeological excavation, analysis of chemical composition and magnetism of slag and other residuals, and radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples. As expected, the most efficient was the magnetometric survey. Despite challenging field conditions such as geology-related magnetic anomalies of large amplitude and contrast, the magnetometer survey in the Barun-Khal valley resulted in the discovery of another iron production site, Barun-Khal 3. Using the magnetometry, the general structure of the sites was studied and the places of excavation were determined. The resistivity, SP and radiometric techniques, as well as magnetic survey were useful in studying near-surface geology and recent geological history. Excavations have found well-preserved slag-tapping bloomery furnaces built into the sides of a large pit (Barun-Khal 2) or a trench (Barun-Khal 3). According to radiocarbon dating, iron production began here within the second and third centuries BC and lasted until the seventh to the eleventh centuries AD. The significance of the works in the Barun-Khal valley is determined by the fact that there exist significant gaps in the coverage of Russia (including Siberia) with archaeometallurgical studies. Most available papers on the archaeometallurgical activity in Siberia were not published in English until now. For the first time, the study of ancient iron production sites in the Olkhon region was considered as an independent scientific task and carried out using both geophysical and archaeological methods.

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Large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Mineralogical Characterization of Slags from Oiola Site (Biscay) to Assess the Development in Bloomery Iron Smelting Technology from the Roman Period to the Early Middle Ages

Mineralogical Characterization of Slags from Oiola Site (Biscay) to Assess the Development in Bloomery Iron Smelting Technology from the Roman Period to the Early Middle Ages

A preliminary study on the role and implication of plate-type iron artifacts in the ancient iron technology of Korea

Geophysical prospection and archaeological excavation of ancient iron smelting sites in the Barun‐Khal valley on the western shore of Lake Baikal (Olkhon region, Siberia)

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