Large-scale 3-D experiments of wave and current interaction with real vegetation. Part 2: Experimental analysis

Maza, María; Lara, Javier L.; Losada, Íñigo J.; Ondiviela, Bárbara Ruiz; Trinogga, Juliane; Bouma, Tjeerd J.

doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.09.010

Cited by 107 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These species pioneer lower marsh areas, and thus, are exposed to frequent and direct impact of waves (Knutson et al, ). Several laboratory and field experiments have led to a better understanding of the coastal protection service provided by saltmarshes inhabited by S. alterniflora or S. anglica by exploring the interaction of these marsh species with different hydrodynamics conditions (Anderson & Smith, ; R. Jadhav & Chen, ; Maza et al, ; Yang et al, ). These studies determined that the hydrodynamic conditions, such as the inundation height, wave height, and period, along with plant characteristics, play a significant role in the wave energy damping capacity of a saltmarsh.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions

et al. 2019

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This study investigates the capacity of a Spartina alterniflora meadow to attenuate waves during storm events based on field observations in the Chesapeake Bay. These observations reveal that environmental conditions including the ratio between water depth and plant height (hr), the ratio between wave height (HS) and water depth, and current directions impact the wave height decay. Further, we present empirical representations of the bulk drag coefficient (Cd) as a function of the Keulegan‐Carpenter (KC) and Reynolds (Re) numbers, and the hr ratio. When applying the distinction between current directions, this representation exhibits better agreement when using the Re (ρ2 = 54%) and hr (ρ2 = 77%) than with the KC (ρ2 = 39%). Furthermore, we show that the representation of Cd can be improved by using a hr‐based modified Re and KC formulation, yielding correlations of 76% (modified Re) and 78% (modified KC). The proposed expressions are validated during another storm and predicted HS computed within the marsh results in a root‐mean‐square error of 0.014 m, overestimating the largest HS (0.22 m) by 18%. Finally, these expressions are applied to several hypothetical sea conditions. Under similar vegetation characteristics, HS of 1.55 and 0.8 m (close to a 10,000‐ and 100‐year recurrence interval storm) are attenuated by 50% and 70%, respectively, at 250 m from the marsh edge. This study provides evidence that validates the saltmarsh wave attenuation capacity during storms, quantifies this attenuation, and supports the transferability of the existing formulas in the literature across similar coastal marshes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions

et al. 2019

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“…Rough benthic boundaries are ubiquitous in the coastal environment and include a multitude of ecologically important aquatic ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows [ Duarte , ], coral reefs [ Monismith , ], and kelp forests [ Rosman et al ., ]. The drag exerted by these coastal canopies reduces the near‐bed velocity and attenuates wave energy [ Kobayashi et al ., ; Manca et al ., ; Maza et al ., ]. This, in turn, promotes sedimentation [ Gacia et al ., ], carbon burial [ Granata et al ., ] and retention of particulate material [ Fonseca and Cahalan , ; Granata et al ., ; French , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The wave‐driven current in coastal canopies

2017

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Wave‐driven flows over canopies of aquatic vegetation (such as seagrass) are characterized by the generation of a strong, shoreward mean current near the top of the canopy. This shoreward drift, which is observed to be up to 75% of the RMS above‐canopy orbital velocity, can have a significant impact on residence times within coastal canopies. There have been limited observations of this current and an accurate formulation of its magnitude is still lacking. Accordingly, this study aims to develop a practical relationship to describe the strength of this current as a function of both wave and canopy characteristics. A simple model for the Lagrangian drift velocity indicates that the magnitude of the wave‐driven current increases with the above‐canopy oscillatory velocity, the vertical orbital excursion at the top of the canopy, and the canopy density. An extensive laboratory study, using both rigid and (dynamically scaled) flexible model vegetation, was carried out to evaluate the proposed model. Experimental results reveal a strong agreement between predicted and measured current velocities over a wide and realistic range of canopy and wave conditions. The validity of this model is also confirmed through available field measurements. Characterization of this wave‐induced mean current will allow an enhanced capacity for predicting residence time, and thus key ecological processes, in coastal canopies.

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“…Tschirky et al (2000) and Anderson and Smith (2014) reported greater dissipation for larger incident waves. However, Maza et al (2015) observed higher attenuation for small wave heights. Correlation between incident wave height and wave dissipation is likely strongly influenced by plant response (Tempest et al, 2015).…”

Section: Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 84%

Engineering with Nature to Reduce Wave Energy in Wetlands

Smith¹,

Bryant²

2017

Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering

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A body of literature quantifying wave attenuation through vegetation has developed within the last few decades and serves as the foundation for growing interest in wetlands for engineering with nature applications. Wave dissipation is shown to be highly variable, influenced by hydrodynamics, plant structure, and the interaction between the two. The current method of predicting wave dissipation often makes use of an empirical drag coefficient, which is given as a function of nondimensional flow parameter. These empirical equations are shown to have limitations, particularly in the transition from the submerged to emergent regime, and are highly variable in nature and in magnitude. Vegetation is shown to preferentially dissipate energy at frequencies higher than the spectral peak for single-and double-peaked wave spectra. Idealized simulations of Jamaica Bay with STeady-state spectral WAVE (STWAVE) demonstrate the potential for vegetation to provide shoreline protection by reducing wave height under severe wind and water level conditions.

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Large-scale 3-D experiments of wave and current interaction with real vegetation. Part 2: Experimental analysis

Cited by 107 publications

References 24 publications

Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions

Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions

The wave‐driven current in coastal canopies

Engineering with Nature to Reduce Wave Energy in Wetlands

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