A s dielectric structures with a submicrometer length scale can interact strongly with light, various remarkable optical responses can be designed and tailored depending on the types and parameters of their structures. Over the past few decades, the unusual optical properties of the periodic dielectric structures called photonic crystals have been investigated intensively [1]. Many research groups have endeavored to engineer the optical properties of photonic crystals, including photonic bandgaps, 'slow' photons, negative refraction and other properties, or to use them in practical applications. Two-dimensional (2D) structures, which are mostly prepared by conventional lithographic processes, were demonstrated initially, in which total internal refl ections were adopted for confi ning the light in a nonperiodic third direction, and their use has been investigated in some limited applications [2]. Th ree-dimensional (3D) structures have also been investigated intensively because of their complete photonic bandgaps in certain structures, a critical property for controlling light in 3D space. Research on such structures has been supported by the recent development of facile fabrication methods, including the selfassembly of simple monodisperse particles, also known as colloidal self-assembly [3], block copolymer self-assembly [4], the auto-cloning process [5] and holographic lithography [6]. Of these methods, colloidal self-assembly is the most promising for the low-cost production of 2D and 3D photonic crystals over large areas or with various shapes [7,8]. Schematic diagrams of the basic colloidal crystal structure along with inverse and short-range-ordered scattering structures for photonic applications are shown in Figure 1. Disordered dielectric structures of monodisperse particles called photonic glasses have begun to be investigated as another class of photonic nanostructures that can manifest some unusual optical phenomena such as random lasing, strong light localization and long-range intensity correlations. In this review article, we describe self-assembled colloidal photonic nanostructures in brief and summarize recent achievements in the fi eld of colloidal photonic nanostructures and their applications.
Fabrication of photonic nanostructures by colloidal assembly
Colloidal crystalsSince Vanderhoff 's serendipitous discovery of a synthetic method for preparing monodisperse polymer colloids [9], the method has been extended to the preparation of a variety of polymeric colloids and also to the processing of inorganic colloidal particles such as silica, titania and iron oxide. As long as particles are stable in liquid and their size distribution is suffi ciently narrow, they can be crystallized in a facecentered cubic (fcc) lattice by increasing their volume fraction through any concentration process, such as controlled evaporation, sedimentation or fi ltration. In general, the interparticle forces can be described by summing over the various potentials from diff erent origins, including intermolecular for...