“…Random undersampling was used in previous studies by Angenent et al (2020), Kou et al (2021), Le, Vo, Vo, et al (2019), Liu et al (2022), Wang et al (2018), and Zhou et al (2016), and random oversampling was applied in the studies by Angenent et al (2020), Kou et al (2021), Le, Vo, Vo, et al (2019), and Liu et al (2022), whereas SMOTE was applied in the studies by Farooq and Qamar (2019), Kou et al (2021), Le, Vo, Vo, et al (2019), Liu et al (2022), Roumani et al (2020), Wang et al (2019), and Tumpach et al (2020). The Ovun.sample function from the “ROSE” version 0.0‑3 package in RStudio was used for all three resampling approaches applied in this study.…”