Large-scale screening of E171 food additive (TiO2) on the French market from 2018 to 2022: Occurrence and particle size distribution in various food categories

Bucher, Guillaume; El Hadri, Hind; Asensio, Océane; Auger, François; Barrero, Josefa; Rosec, Jean-Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110102

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The analytical surveys on E 171 (see Introduction) are the other essential information sources. Among them, the recently published largescale screening of E 171 on the French market over five years (2018 to 2022) is especially valuable [26]. This survey showed that particular attention should be addressed to food products imported on the EU market since they may contain food-grade TiO 2 without necessarily mentioning it on the ingredient list.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This survey showed that particular attention should be addressed to food products imported on the EU market since they may contain food-grade TiO 2 without necessarily mentioning it on the ingredient list. Indeed, 63% of the food products found to contain E 171 in 2022 were originating from non-EU countries [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Testing compliance of food products on the EU market with the E 171 ban poses significant challenges to official control laboratories. Whereas TEM or SEM analysis coupled with elemental analysis (by, e.g., EDX) represents the confirmatory approach providing certainty of E 171 presence along with the capability to characterize the size of the constituent particles and their number-based size distribution (PSD), single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) has emerged as an ideal technique for E 171 analysis with widespread availability in testing laboratories, higher sample throughput, and lower analytical costs [4,9,10,15,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In spICP-MS, suspended individual constituent particles and agglomerates (i.e., 'secondary particles' formed by two or more constituent particles) are concurrently sized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An ICP-MS-Based Analytical Strategy for Assessing Compliance with the Ban of E 171 as a Food Additive on the EU Market

Ferraris,

Adelantado,

Raggi

et al. 2023

Nanomaterials

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A method was developed for the determination of total titanium in food and food supplements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion of samples. Five food supplements, including one certified reference material, and 15 food products were used for method development. Key factors affecting the analytical results, such as the composition of the acid mixture for sample digestion and the bias from spectral interferences on the different titanium isotopes, were investigated. Resolution of interferences was achieved by ICP-MS/MS with ammonia adduct formation and viable conditions for control laboratories equipped with standard quadrupole instruments were identified. The method was successfully validated and enables rapid screening of samples subject to confirmatory analysis for the presence of TiO2 particles. For the latter, single-particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS) analysis after chemical extraction of the particles was used. The two methods establish a viable analytical strategy for assessing the absence of titania particles in food products on the EU market following the E 171 ban as a food additive.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An ICP-MS-Based Analytical Strategy for Assessing Compliance with the Ban of E 171 as a Food Additive on the EU Market

Ferraris,

Adelantado,

Raggi

et al. 2023

Nanomaterials

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“…Although engineered nanomaterial TiO 2 NPs are widely used within various industries, public and governmental concerns that the consumption of these compounds causes adverse health effects are increasing [6,7]. Toxicological studies regarding the effects of TiO 2 NPs were conducted in various experimental models, suggesting that TiO 2 NPs alter the cell cycle, cause apoptosis, affect the adhesion of the cell matrix, and induce DNA damage in human breast cancer cells [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticle Toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Huang,

Lu,

Jualo

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Titanium dioxide is a compound that is used in the food, cosmetic, and paint industries; however, it is still toxic to humans and the environment. This study determined the toxicities of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. The effects of commercially available (C-TiO2) and synthetically (S-TiO2) prepared TiO2 NP solutions on lethality, lifespan, growth, reproduction, locomotion, and gene expression were studied in C. elegans. Exposure to TiO2 NPs (0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/L) did not result in any change to the survival rate or body length of the nematodes, regardless of the concentration. However, there was a decrease in the reproduction (brood size) and locomotion (body bending and head thrashing) of the nematodes as the TiO2 NP concentration increased. The longevity of the nematodes was shortened following TiO2 NP exposure. The gene expression of sod-1, sod-3, ctl-1, ctl-2, cyp35A2, mlt-1, and mlt-2 in the nematodes showed that there was an overexpression of all genes when the worms were exposed to 1 mg/L C-TiO2 or 10 mg/L S-TiO2. It was therefore concluded that compared with S-TiO2, C-TiO2 possibly causes more toxicity or genotoxicity in the C. elegans model.

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A screening method for detection of TiO2 in food based on Raman spectroscopy and its applicability in a regulatory context

Bianchi,

El Hadri,

Geiss

et al. 2025

Food Control

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Large-scale screening of E171 food additive (TiO2) on the French market from 2018 to 2022: Occurrence and particle size distribution in various food categories

Cited by 5 publications

References 33 publications

An ICP-MS-Based Analytical Strategy for Assessing Compliance with the Ban of E 171 as a Food Additive on the EU Market

An ICP-MS-Based Analytical Strategy for Assessing Compliance with the Ban of E 171 as a Food Additive on the EU Market

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticle Toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

A screening method for detection of TiO2 in food based on Raman spectroscopy and its applicability in a regulatory context

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