Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes

Ebbesen, Thomas W.; Ajayan, Pulickel M.

doi:10.1038/358220a0

Cited by 3,009 publications

(1,350 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…By increasing the pressure to 500 Torr, Ebbesen et al [26] found that they could produce large quantities of nanotubes. Iijima went on to discover single-shelled nanotubes in his arc-vaporization process [27], while Bethune et al [28], among others, catalyzed nanotube production by using metal-doped graphite rods in arc-vaporization.…”

Section: Formation Offullerenes and Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Goel

Hebgen

Sande

et al. 2002

Carbon

117

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Fullerenes are molecules comprised entirely of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms arranged in pentagonal and hexagonal rings to form a hollow, closed-cage structure. Buckyballs, a subset which contains C 60 and C 70 , are single-shell molecules while fullerenic nanostructures can contain many shells and over 300 carbon atoms. Both fullerenes and nanostructures have an array of applications in a wide variety of fields, including medical and consumer products. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 and were first isolated from the products of a laminar low-pressure premixed benzene/oxygen/argon flame operating at fuel-rich conditions in 1991. Flame studies indicated that fullerene yields depend on operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, residence time, and equivalence ratio. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that the soot contains nanostructures, including onions and nanotubes.Although flame conditions for forming fullerenes have been identified, the process has not been optimized and many flame environments of potential interest are unstudied. Mechanistic characteristics of fullerene formation remain poorly understood and cost estimation of large-scale production has not been performed. Accordingly, this work focused on: 1) studying fullerene formation in diffusion and premixed flames under new conditions to identify optimal parameters; 2) investigating the reaction of fullerenes with soot; 3) positively identifying C 60 molecules in HRTEM by tethering them to carbon black; and 4) providing a cost estimation for industrial fullerenic soot production.Samples of condensable material from laminar low-pressure benzene/argon/oxygen diffusion flames were collected and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HRTEM. The highest concentration of fullerenes in a flame was always detected just above the height where the fuel is consumed. The percentage of fullerenes in condensable material increases with decreasing pressure and the fullerene content of flames with similar cold gas velocities shows a strong dependence on length. A shorter flame, resulting from higher dilution or lower pressure, favors the formation of fullerenes rather than soot, exhibited by the lower amount of soot and precursors in such flames. This indicates a stronger correlation of fullerene consumption to soot levels than of fullerene formation to precursor concentration. The maximum flame temperature seems to be of minor importance in formation. The overall highest amount of fullerenes was found for a surprisingly high dilution of fuel with argon. The HRTEM analysis showed an increase of the curvature of the carbon layers, and hence increased fullerenic character, with increasing distance from the burner up to the point of maximum fullerene concentration, after which it decreases, consistent with the HPLC analysis. The soot shows highly ordered regions that appear to have been cells of fullerenic nanostructure formation. The samples also included fullerenic nanostructures such as tubes and sp...

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Section: Formation Offullerenes and Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Goel

Hebgen

Sande

et al. 2002

Carbon

117

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“…Note that a CN has a typical length scale set by its radius, which in turn is of the order of the interatomic spacing a ≃ 2.46Å [11], and, as we will discuss, this leads to KK-levels at eV-energies. Both CNs and graphene can be manufactured, see [12] for CNs and [13] for graphene. The production procedure of graphene has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010, and fullerenes, of which a cylindrical form is simply a CN, led to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Establishing analogies between the physics of extra dimensions and carbon nanotubes

2012

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We point out a conceptual analogy between the physics of extra spatial dimensions and the physics of carbon nanotubes which arises for principle reasons, although the corresponding energy scales are at least ten orders of magnitude apart. For low energies, one can apply the Kaluza-Klein description to both types of systems, leading to two completely different but consistent interpretations of the underlying physics. In particular, we discuss in detail the Kaluza-Klein description of armchair and zig-zag carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, we describe how certain experimental results for carbon nanotubes could be re-interpreted in terms of the Kaluza-Klein description. Finally, we present ideas for new measurements that could allow to probe concepts of models with extra spatial dimensions in table-top experiments, providing further links between condensed matter and particle physics.

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“…The synthesis of carbon nanotubes was first reported by Iijima [1] and in gram quantities by Ebbesen [2] using a variant of the standard arc-discharge technique for fullerene synthesis under helium atmosphere. CNTs have a wide variety of interesting properties, as well as many potential applications and can be used in nanometer scale devices and new composite materials [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of fragmentation and multiple vacancy generation in irradiated single-walled carbon nanotubes

Javeed

Zeeshan

Ahmad

2013

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:

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The results from mass spectrometry of clusters sputtered from Cs + irradiated single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWCNTs) as a function of energy and dose identify the nature of the resulting damage in the form of multiple vacancy generation. For pristine SWCNTs at all Cs + energies, C 2 is the most dominant species, followed by C 3 , C 4 and C 1 . The experiments were performed in three stages: in the first stage, Cs + energy E(Cs + ) was varied. During the second stage, the nanotubes were irradiated continuously at E(Cs + ) = 5 keV for 1,800 s. Afterwards, the entire sequence of irradiation energies was repeated to differentiate between the fragmentation patterns of the pristine and of heavily irradiated SWCNTs. The sputtering and normalized yields identify the quantitative and relative extent of the ion-induced damage by creating double, triple and quadruple vacancies; the single vacancies are least favored. Sputtering from the heavily irradiated SWCNTs occurs not only from the damaged and fragmented nanotubes, but also from the inter-nanotube structures that are grown due to the accumulation of the sputtered clusters. Similar irradiation experiments were performed with the multi-walled carbon nanotubes; the results confirmed the dominant C 2 followed by C 3 , C 4 and C 1 .

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Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes

Cited by 3,009 publications

References 7 publications

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Establishing analogies between the physics of extra dimensions and carbon nanotubes

Dynamics of fragmentation and multiple vacancy generation in irradiated single-walled carbon nanotubes

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