“…Cubic lutetium oxide, Lu 2 O 3 , space group Ia 3̅, is used in the development of scintillators, − traditional and upconversion phosphors, − and thermoluminescence (TL) materials. , The latter include afterglow, − persistence luminescence, , and permanent energy storage phosphors. − These properties are achieved via the introduction of appropriate dopants and codopants (selected rare earths and transition metal cations, respectively), as well as fine-tuning of the dopant concentrations and synthesis conditions (such as annealing temperature, sintering time, and atmosphere–oxidizing, reducing, neutral, or vacuum). The material is prone to defect formation, such as interstitial oxygen or oxygen vacancies.…”