Large slow potential shifts occur during halothane anaesthesia in gerbils

Roughan, J. V.; Laming, Peter R.

doi:10.1007/s003590050228

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…Many of the mechanisms identified to be responsible for modulating exaggerated pain states cannot be adequately studied in an anesthetized animal. Commonly used anesthetics including isoflurane, halothane, and sodium pentobarbital all affect immune cell and glial activity, beyond their well known suppression of neuronal activation (Itoh et al, 2004; Kudo et al, 2001; Martin et al, 1995; Roughan and Laming, 1998; Toda et al, 2008; Wentlandt et al, 2006; Wise-Faberowski et al, 2006). Thus these mediators cannot be accurately studied in anesthetized animals when immune and/or glial mediators are suspected as potential mediators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for modeling facial allodynia associated with migraine in awake and freely moving rats

Wieseler

Ellis

Sprunger

et al. 2010

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that induces debilitating headaches associated with multiple symptoms including facial allodynia, characterized by heightened responsivity to normally innocuous mechanical stimuli. It is now well accepted that immune activation and immune-derived inflammatory mediators enhance pain responsivity, including in the trigeminal system. Nociceptive ("pain" responsive) trigeminal nerves densely innervate the cranial meninges. We have recently proposed that the meninges may serve as a previously unidentified, key interface between the peripheral immune system and the CNS with potential implications for understanding underlying migraine mechanisms. Our focus here is the development of a model for facial allodynia associated with migraine. We developed a model wherein an indwelling catheter is placed between the skull and dura, allowing immunogenic stimuli to be administered over the dura in awake and freely moving rats. Since the catheter does not contact the brain itself, any proinflammatory cytokines induced following manipulation derive from resident or recruited meningeal immune cells. While surgery alone does not alter immune activation markers, TNF or IL6 mRNA and/or protein, it does decrease gene expression and increase protein expression of IL-1 at 4 days after surgery. Using this model we show the induction of facial allodynia in response to supradural administration of either the HIV glycoprotein gp120 or inflammatory soup (bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin E2), and the induction of hindpaw allodynia in our model after inflammatory soup. This model allows time and dose dependent assessment of the relationship between changes in meningeal inflammation and corresponding exaggerated pain behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for modeling facial allodynia associated with migraine in awake and freely moving rats

Wieseler

Ellis

Sprunger

et al. 2010

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Unilateral T13 and L1 Dorsal Root Avulsion: Methods for a Novel Model of Central Neuropathic Pain

Wieseler¹,

Ellis²,

Maier³

et al. 2012

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Central neuropathic pain is associated with many disease states including multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury, and is poorly managed. One type of central neuropathic pain that is particularly debilitating and challenging to treat is pain that occurs below the level of injury (below-level pain). The study of central neuropathic pain is commonly performed using animal models of stroke and spinal cord injury. Most of the spinal cord injury models currently being used were originally developed to model the gross physiological impact of clinical spinal cord injury. In contrast, the T13/L1 dorsal root avulsion model of spinal cord injury described here was developed specifically for the study of central pain, and as such, was developed to minimize confounding complications, such as paralysis, urinary tract infections, and autotomy. As such, this model induces robust and reliable hindpaw mechanical allodynia. Two versions of the model are described. The first is optimal for testing systemically administered pharmacological manipulations. The second was developed to accommodate intrathecal application of pharmacological manipulations. This model provides an additional means by which to investigate central pain states associated with spinal cord injury, including below-level pain. Finally, a brief discussion of at-level pain measurement is described as it has been suggested in the literature that the mechanisms underlying below- and at-level pain are different.

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Indwelling Supradural Catheters for Induction of Facial Allodynia: Surgical Procedures, Application of Inflammatory Stimuli, and Behavioral Testing

Wieseler

Sprunger

Ellis

et al. 2012

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Migraine headaches are debilitatingly painful and poorly managed. Facial allodynia is often associated with migraine, and clinical evidence indicates that it is a critical point in migraine progression. That is, if the migraine can be treated prior to the onset of facial allodynia, the migraine can be halted using triptans, whereas if treatment is administered after facial allodynia has begun, the treatment is ineffective. The meninges and the immune cells therein have been implicated in migraine facial pain. Indeed, application of inflammatory mediators over the meninges has been used to study changes in pain responsive neurons in trigeminal complex, and changes in their receptive fields. Much of this research has been carried out in anesthetized rats, which limits the clinical application. Our indwelling supradural catheter model, in which inflammatory mediators can be administered to the meninges in awake and freely moving rats, allows for the assessment of behavioral changes shortly after injection. Following administration of inflammatory soup (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2) or the immunogenic HIV-1 coat protein gp120 results in reliable periorbital mechanical allodynia. This model provides an additional means to study the neurocircuitry and neuropharmacology of facial allodynia. Here, we describe detailed methods for the placement of the catheter, injection procedures, and assessment of facial allodynia.

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Large slow potential shifts occur during halothane anaesthesia in gerbils

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

A novel method for modeling facial allodynia associated with migraine in awake and freely moving rats

A novel method for modeling facial allodynia associated with migraine in awake and freely moving rats

Unilateral T13 and L1 Dorsal Root Avulsion: Methods for a Novel Model of Central Neuropathic Pain

Indwelling Supradural Catheters for Induction of Facial Allodynia: Surgical Procedures, Application of Inflammatory Stimuli, and Behavioral Testing

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