Large strain actuation in polypyrrole actuators

Anquetil, Patrick A.; Rinderknecht, Derek; Vandesteeg, Nathan A.; Madden, John D. W.; Hunter, Ian W.

doi:10.1117/12.540141

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…The ratio of the strain to the charge density was on the order of 0.4 × 10 −10 %/(C m −3 ). Previous values (at RT) were 3x as high for PPy(tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate) at 1.2–1.4 × 10 −10 %/(C m −3 ) (electro‐polymerized, cycled in propylene carbonate) and two orders of magnitude higher for PPy(sodium benzenesulfonate) at 30 × 10 −10 %/(C m −3 ) (films purchased from BASF, cycled in acetonitrile) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Conjugated Polymer Actuation under Cerebral Physiological Conditions

Daneshvar

Smela

2014

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Conjugated polymer actuators have potential use in implantable neural interface devices for modulating the position of electrode sites within brain tissue or guiding insertion of neural probes along curved trajectories. The actuation of polypyrrole (PPy) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) was characterized to ascertain whether it could be employed in the cerebral environment. Microfabricated bilayer beams were electrochemically cycled at either 22 or 37 °C in aqueous NaDBS or in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). Nearly all the ions in aCSF were exchanged into the PPy – the cations Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, as well as the anion PO43−; Cl− was not present. Nevertheless, deflections in aCSF were comparable to those in NaDBS and they were monotonic with oxidation level: strain increased upon reduction, with no reversal of motion despite the mixture of ionic charges and valences being exchanged. Actuation depended on temperature. Upon warming, the cyclic voltammograms showed additional peaks and an increase of 70% in the consumed charge. Bending was, however, much less affected: strain increased somewhat (6-13%) but remained monotonic, and deflections shifted (up to 20%). These results show how the actuation environment must be taken into account, and demonstrate proof of concept for actuated implantable neural interfaces.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Conjugated Polymer Actuation under Cerebral Physiological Conditions

Daneshvar

Smela

2014

Adv Healthcare Materials

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“…Pure PEDOT or PEDOT:PSS Properly increasing the porosity in the polymer film can increase the charge density within the film, which make the electrochemical redox reaction occur quickly in the films. However, the pure PEDOT:PSS film forms too many highporosity structures in aqueous solution, so it cannot cause deformation by ion doping under electrical stimulation (Anquetil et al, 2004). Pure PEDOT:PSS film or fiber can be subjected to local joule heating for the desorption of water in the film under the action of an electric field, resulting in linear deformation.…”

Section: Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PEDOT-Based Conducting Polymer Actuators

et al. 2019

Front. Robot. AI

108

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Conducting polymers, particularly poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its complex with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), provide a promising materials platform to develop soft actuators or artificial muscles. To date, PEDOT-based actuators are available in the field of bionics, biomedicine, smart textiles, microactuators, and other functional applications. Compared to other conducting polymers, PEDOT provides higher conductivity and chemical stability, lower density and operating voltages, and the dispersion of PEDOT with PSS further enriches performances in solubility, hydrophility, processability, and flexibility, making them advantageous in actuator-based applications. However, the actuators fabricated by PEDOT-based materials are still in their infancy, with many unknowns and challenges that require more comprehensive understanding for their current and future development. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the actuation mechanisms, performance evaluation criteria, processing technologies and configurations, and the most recent progress of materials development and applications. Lastly, we also elaborate on future opportunities for improving and exploiting PEDOT-based actuators.

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“…[6] Electrochemically actuated redox polymers have also been described. [7][8][9] In this work, we focused on lithium-intercalation compounds. Many solid intercalation compounds, such as those used in rechargeable battery systems (Table 1), have substantial electronic and ionic conductivity, and can thus be electrochemically intercalated or alloyed to large and reversible volume changes (as opposed to purely chemical intercalation, which also applies to insulators but is more difficult to control).…”

Section: Materials Selection and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the Actuation Potential of Solid‐State Intercalation Compounds

Koyama

Chin

Rhyner

et al. 2006

Adv Funct Materials

102

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High‐strain, high‐force mechanical actuation technologies are desirable for numerous applications ranging from microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to large‐scale “smart structures” that are able to change shape to optimize performance. Here we show that electrochemical intercalation of inorganic compounds of high elastic modulus offers a low‐voltage mechanism (less than 5 V) with intrinsic energy density approaching that of hydraulics and more than a hundred times greater than that of existing field‐operated mechanisms, such as piezostriction and magnetostriction. Exploitation of the reversible crystallographic strains (several percent) of intercalation compounds while under high stress is key to realization of the available energy. Using a micromachined actuator design, we test the strain capability of oriented graphite due to electrochemical lithiation under stresses up to 200 MPa. We further demonstrate that simultaneous electrochemical expansion of the LiCoO2/graphite cathode/anode couple can be exploited for actuation under stresses up to ∼ 20 MPa in laminated macroscopic composite actuators of similar design to current lithium‐ion batteries. While the transport‐limited actuation mechanism of these devices results in intrinsically slower actuation compared to most ferroic materials, we demonstrate up to 6.7 mHz (150 s) cyclic actuation in a laminated actuator designed for a high charge/discharge rate. The potential for a new class of high‐strain, high‐force, moderate‐frequency actuators suitable for a broad range of applications is suggested.

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Large strain actuation in polypyrrole actuators

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization of Conjugated Polymer Actuation under Cerebral Physiological Conditions

Characterization of Conjugated Polymer Actuation under Cerebral Physiological Conditions

PEDOT-Based Conducting Polymer Actuators

Harnessing the Actuation Potential of Solid‐State Intercalation Compounds

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