Largest known historical eruption in Africa: Dubbi volcano, Eritrea, 1861

Wiart, Pierre; Oppenheimer, Clive

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0291:lkheia>2.3.co;2

Cited by 15 publications

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“…Basell, 2008). We know of at least one large historic explosive eruption in the region, that of Dubbi volcano in Eritrea in 1861 (Wiart and Oppenheimer, 2000), and there is abundant evidence for high magnitude explosive volcanism associated with caldera formation (e.g. Wiart and Oppenheimer, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caldera-forming eruptions of the Quaternary Kone Volcanic Complex, Ethiopia

Rampey

Oppenheimer

Pyle

et al. 2010

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caldera-forming eruptions of the Quaternary Kone Volcanic Complex, Ethiopia

Rampey

Oppenheimer

Pyle

et al. 2010

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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“…Furthermore, eruptions of off‐rift volcanoes are infrequent, limiting opportunities to observe them when active. The eruption of Nabro volcano on 12 June 2011 was only the second eruption of an off‐rift volcano associated with the Afar Rift Zone (ARZ) in modern times (since Dubbi volcano in 1861 [ Wiart and Oppenheimer , ]). It was also the volcano's first in the historical period [ Wiart and Oppenheimer , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismicity and subsidence following the 2011 Nabro eruption, Eritrea: Insights into the plumbing system of an off‐rift volcano

et al. 2014

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Nabro volcano, situated to the east of the Afar Rift Zone, erupted on 12 June 2011. Eruptions at such off‐rift volcanoes are infrequent, and consequently, the plumbing systems are poorly understood. We present posteruption Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from the TerraSAR‐X satellite and posteruption continuous seismic activity from a local seismic array. Interferometric analysis of SAR data, reveals a circular, 12 km wide, signal subsiding at ∼200 mm/yr. We inverted for the best fit Mogi source finding a 4 ± 1 × 107 m3/yr volume decrease at 7 ± 1 km depth. Between 31 August and 7 October 2011, we located 658 and relocated 456 earthquakes with local magnitudes between −0.4 and 4.5. Seismicity beneath the SE edge of Nabro at 11 km depth is likely associated with high strain rates from deep magma flow into the modeled reservoir. This suggests that magma is supplied through a narrow conduit and then stored at ∼7 km depth. We interpret seismicity at 4–6 km depth as brittle fracturing above the inferred magma reservoir. Focal mechanisms delineate a thrust fault striking NE‐SW and dipping 45° to the SE across the caldera floor. We propose that the crustal response is to slip on this fault which crosscuts the caldera rather than to deform on ring faults. The NE‐SW fault plane is not associated with measurable surface deformation, indicating that it does not contribute much to the caldera deformation. We show that subsidence of the caldera is controlled by magma chamber processes rather than fault slip.

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“…Dubbi (1861) This was a globally significant eruption producing a trachyte ash cloud and perhaps pyroclastic density currents, followed after about 2 days by effusion of basaltic lava flows for perhaps 5 months (Wiart and Oppenheimer, 2000a;Wiart et al, 2000). The total erupted volume was estimated at between 1.2 and 3.6 km 3 , depending on interpretation of the age of the lava flows.…”

Section: Historically-recorded Eruptions (1800-2002)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System

et al. 2016

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Crustal extension at the East African Rift System (EARS) should, as a tectonic ideal, involve a stress field in which the direction of minimum horizontal stress is perpendicular to the rift. A volcano in such a setting should produce dykes and fissures parallel to the rift. How closely do the volcanoes of the EARS follow this? We answer this question by studying the 21 volcanoes that have erupted historically (since about 1800) and find that 7 match the (approximate) geometrical ideal. At the other 14 volcanoes the orientation of the eruptive fissures/dykes and/or the axes of the host rift segments are oblique to the ideal values. To explain the eruptions at these volcanoes we invoke local (non-plate tectonic) variations of the stress field caused by: crustal heterogeneities and anisotropies (dominated by NW structures in the Protoerozoic basement), transfer zone tectonics at the ends of offset rift segments, gravitational loading by the volcanic edifice (typically those with 1-2 km relief) and magmatic pressure in central reservoirs. We find that the more oblique volcanoes tend to have large edifices, large eruptive volumes, and evolved and mixed magmas capable of explosive behavior. Nine of the volcanoes have calderas of varying ellipticity, 6 of which are large, reservoir-collapse types mainly elongated across rift (e.g., Kone) and 3 are smaller, elongated parallel to the rift and contain active lava lakes (e.g., Erta Ale), suggesting different mechanisms of formation and stress fields. Nyamuragira is the only EARS volcano with enough sufficiently well-documented eruptions to infer its long-term dynamic behavior. Eruptions within 7 km of the volcano are of relatively short duration (<100 days), but eruptions with more distal fissures tend to have lesser obliquity and longer durations, indicating a changing stress field away from the volcano. There were major changes in long-term magma extrusion rates in 1977 (and perhaps in 2002) due to major along-rift dyking events that effectively changed the Nyamuragira stress field and the intrusion/extrusion ratios of eruptions.

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Largest known historical eruption in Africa: Dubbi volcano, Eritrea, 1861

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Caldera-forming eruptions of the Quaternary Kone Volcanic Complex, Ethiopia

Caldera-forming eruptions of the Quaternary Kone Volcanic Complex, Ethiopia

Seismicity and subsidence following the 2011 Nabro eruption, Eritrea: Insights into the plumbing system of an off‐rift volcano

Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System

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