Larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) in young children

Kracke, Anja; Hiller, A. S.; Tschernig, Thomas; Kasper, Michael; Kleemann, W. J.; Tröger, H.; Pabst, Reinhard

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199707)248:3<413::aid-ar14>3.0.co;2-s

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It remains to be determined whether LALT is a distinct physiologic entity or a pathologic reaction in response to local infections or other environmental insults. Many children in whom LALT was identified postmortem had died because of sudden infant death syndrome (68,135). Little or no information is available regarding the role of LALT in antigen processing or presentation or the development of immunologic reactivity in the upper airway.…”

Section: Common Mucosal Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

2001

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Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans

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Section: Common Mucosal Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

2001

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“…Here, B and T-lymphocytes, NK cells, and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage often form organized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Kracke et al (1997) analyzed the frequency of laryngeal MALT in young children aged 7 to 671 days. As they found the tissue in nearly 80% of the children investigated and termed it larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fränkel (1893) describes the frequent occurrence of lymph follicles in the wall of the false vocal folds, which he termed "the laryngeal tonsil." Kracke et al (1997) analyzed the distribution of organized lymphoid tissue at the laryngeal side of the epiglottis and termed the tissue larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) based on its comparability to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The authors also observed the frequent occurrence of lymphoid follicles at the lateral wall of the false vocal folds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human false vocal folds - an analysis of antimicrobial defense mechanisms

Kutta

Steven

Kohla

et al. 2002

Anatomy and Embryology

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Inflammatory processes often lead to pathologic changes in the area of the larynx. A moistening function of the false vocal folds has been described frequently. Up to now we have little knowledge of the role of the false vocal folds in protection against pathogenic agents. The present study analyzes the structures of the false vocal folds in their relations to antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Investigations were performed on false vocal folds of larynges from 34 cadavers using histologic, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Seromucous glands, together with epithelial and goblet cells of the folds, synthesize a complex mucus layer. In all of the investigated samples this layer contains carbohydrates including N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose, mannose, fucose, and sialic acids. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides like lactoferrin, lysozyme, alpha and beta defensins are also found in these structures. IgA, produced by plasma cells in the false vocal folds, is frequently integrated in the secretory product. Synthesized mucins, antimicrobial peptides and immunoglobulins form a specialized protective substance that is secreted mainly at the true vocal folds. Here the layer functions to lubricate the true vocal folds, resulting in positive functional consequences during vocal production. Moreover, together with immunocompetent cells, the protective layer seems to play a major role in antigen defense and prevents invasion of pathogenic agents.

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“…However, studies in man [1][2][3] and animals [4,5] show that the larynx does contain immunological tissue. A minor part of this has been reported to be present in the form of epithelial follicles (larynx-associated lymphoid tissue: LALT [1]) in an age-and disease-dependent manner [1,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The larynx as an immunological organ: immunological architecture in the pig as a large animal model

Barker

Haverson

Stokes

et al. 2005

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SummaryThe larynx is a mucosal organ positioned at the divergence of the respiratory and digestive tracts. It is exposed to a wide variety of environmental components, including foreign antigens, tobacco smoke, laryngopharyngeal reflux and pollutants. The mucosal immune system generates either active immune responses or tolerance, depending on the nature of the antigen and we hypothesize that the larynx is important organ for immunological decisionmaking in the airway. Because the pig is an ideal large animal model in which to explore laryngological research questions, such as those relating to laryngeal transplantation, we investigated the normal mucosal immunology of the porcine larynx. Pig larynges and tracheae were processed and prepared for bright-field microscopy and quantitative, multiple-colour immunofluorescence histology using pig-specific monoclonal antibodies. There was an abundance of immunologically active cells within the mucosa of the larynx and trachea of both the newborn and adult animal. Specifically, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II

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Larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) in young children

Cited by 53 publications

References 23 publications

Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

The human false vocal folds - an analysis of antimicrobial defense mechanisms

The larynx as an immunological organ: immunological architecture in the pig as a large animal model

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