Laser ablation for analytical sampling: what can we learn from modeling?

Bogaerts, Annemie; Chen, Zhaoyang; Gijbels, R.; Vertes, Akos

doi:10.1016/j.sab.2003.08.004

Cited by 411 publications

(288 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…One can expect that laser channeling into dense plasma can be improved by employing a suitably designed train of laser pulses. The scheme is similar to precision hole boring of solid materials by multiple short-pulse lasers at the 10 14 w cm 22 level (Bogaerts et al, 2003;Zeng et al, 2006;Wolowski et al, 2007), although the physics is somewhat different. There the repeated action of the short pulses allows the material to be photo-ionized and removed layer by layer at the atomic level, without overheating the hole walls and causing uncontrolled particle emission.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma channeling by multiple short-pulse lasers

Cao

et al. 2009

Laser Part. Beams

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Channeling by a train of laser pulses into homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas is studied using particle-in-cell simulation. When the pulse duration and the interval between the successive pulses are appropriate, the laser pulse train can channel into the plasma deeper than a single long-pulse laser of similar peak intensity and total energy. The increased penetration distance can be attributed to the repeated actions of the ponderomotive force, the continuous between-pulse channel lengthening by the inertially evacuating ions, and the suppression of laser-driven plasma instabilities by the intermittent laser-energy cut-offs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma channeling by multiple short-pulse lasers

Cao

et al. 2009

Laser Part. Beams

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“…Peak width variation related to DCI position was only observed at the lowest fluence of 12.8 J•cm -2 and showed longer residence times at the -20 and 0 mm position. This may be related to particle formation at lower fluence for nano-second laser-pulse widths, where thermal mechanisms result in splash/melt ejection and a larger particle size distribution [59][60][61] . After the peak has decayed, as evidenced by the frequent occurrence of zero 100 μs count periods, there is a period of ~8 ms during which small numbers of counting events occur stochastically, some of which can be seen in Chart 3 A, and as reported by Van Malderen et al 41 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Speed, Integrated Ablation Cell and Dual Concentric Injector Plasma Torch for Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2015

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In recent years, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) has gained increasing importance for biological analysis, where ultratrace imaging at micrometer resolution is required. However, while undoubtedly a valuable research tool, the washout times and sensitivity of current technology have restricted its routine and clinical application. Long periods between sampling points are required to maintain adequate spatial resolution. Additionally, temporal signal dispersion reduces the signal-to-noise ratio, which is a particular concern when analyzing discrete samples, such as individual particles or cells. This paper describes a novel, two-volume laser ablation cell and integrated ICP torch designed to minimize aerosol dispersion for fast, efficient sample transport. The holistic design utilizes a short, continuous diameter fused silica conduit, which extends from the point of ablation, through the ICP torch, and into the base of the plasma. This arrangement removes the requirement for a dispersive component for argon addition, and helps to keep the sample on axis with the ICP cone orifice. Hence, deposition of sample on the cones is theoretically reduced with a resulting improvement in the absolute sensitivity (counts per unit mole). The system described here achieved washouts of 1.5, 3.2, and 4.9 ms for NIST 612 glass, at full width half, 10%, and 1% maximum, respectively, with an 8–14-fold improvement in absolute sensitivity, compared to a single volume ablation cell. To illustrate the benefits of this performance, the system was applied to a contemporary bioanalytical challenge, specifically the analysis of individual biological cells, demonstrating similar improvements in performance.

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“…In these experiments, gas-phase oxidation of metallic species by oxygen was identified using infrared spectroscopy. A large number of electrons are emitted after laser ablation that influence cluster ion formation [62]. These electrons are produced when the quantum of the photon is greater than E g the energy bandgap by the photoelectronic effect.…”

Section: Study Of Cluster Ion Formation By La-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser ablation mass spectrometry of inorganic transition metal compounds. Additional knowledge for the understanding of ion formation

Aubriet

Müller

2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Laser ablation of transition-metal oxides have been investigated to better understand the formation processes of inorganic cluster ions. The study of binary oxide mixtures and the relative distribution of the ions produced suggest three salient mechanisms that occur after laser/matter interaction, that function to produce the observed ensemble of ionic species. Molecular recombination reactions, unimolecular dissociation processes, emission of small neutrals, including molecular oxygen from transition-metal oxide samples, or from species expelled in gas phase appear to be a significant mechanism, especially under high laser irradiance conditions. These processes are used to propose a set of pathways to rationalize the envelope of ionic clusters formed under photon bombardment. T he study of ion formation processes by mass spectrometry during inorganic compound laser ablation is not yet fully understood. However, several models have been proposed to describe and explain the laser ablation of inorganic compounds [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The interaction of a laser beam with a non-metallic solid induces different processes, leading to ejection of neutral and ionized species into the gas phase. Haglund proposed a qualitative description of these processes [7], which begins with the assumption that laser sputtering could be decomposed into four phases: (1) the absorption of laser energy by one or multiple-photon processes; (2) the conversion of the incident energy through radiative and non-radiative relaxation processes; (3) the ejection of species-atoms, molecules, neutrals, ions, excited species-from the irradiated surface; and (4) the formation and the expansion of a more or less dense plume of neutrals and ions. Two lasermatter interaction regimes have to be considered: the laser desorption (LD) and the laser ablation (LA). It is generally reported that LD results in emission of ions, atoms, and molecules without any substantial disturbance in the surrounding surface. LA implies a largescale disruption of surface and near-surface geometrical and electronic structure. These substantial qualitative differences allowed Haglung to identify desorption with a microscopic, and ablation with a mesoscopic view point. LD and LA have to be viewed as the extremes of a continuum, which ranges from the emission of isolated neutrals or ions in the case of LD to the massive removal of material resulting from the collective effects of multiple photons irradiating the same spatial locale in the case of LA. The phenomenology of LA is thought of in terms of formation of a plume of ejected species, which follows the laws of plasma and gas dynamics, and produces a large number of ionized species. Collisions of ions with neutrals occurring in the gas-phase plume after LA lead to ion-molecule condensation reactions. On the other hand, ions and neutrals possess a significant amount of energy, which can result in dissociation reactions. The length scale associated with laser ablation is on the order of d Х laser ϫv s , where laser is the dur...

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Laser ablation for analytical sampling: what can we learn from modeling?

Cited by 411 publications

References 130 publications

Plasma channeling by multiple short-pulse lasers

Plasma channeling by multiple short-pulse lasers

High-Speed, Integrated Ablation Cell and Dual Concentric Injector Plasma Torch for Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Laser ablation mass spectrometry of inorganic transition metal compounds. Additional knowledge for the understanding of ion formation

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