Laser Ablation of Polymers: A Review

Ravi‐Kumar, Sandeep; Lies, Benjamin; Lyu, Hao; Qin, Hantang

doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.155

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…A review by Ravi-Kumar et al [ 58 ] demonstrated for a number of polymers (PMMA, PET, and PTFE) that the effect of laser treatment was determined by the type and composition of polymer material, laser parameters, and treatment mode. These data and analysis of very many available studies suggest that smaller pulse duration results in more considerable vaporization of material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of the most recent published studies, including a thorough review by Professor Ravi-Kumar et al [ 58 ], key experimental works [ 28 , 48 , 54 , 55 ], and the latest studies [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 ] has provided the basis for summarizing the currently available data and existing notions of the effects produced by laser treatment of polymer materials. Laser ablation is widely used today to treat various materials (metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser Processing of Polymer Films Fabricated from PHAs Differing in Their Monomer Composition

et al. 2021

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The study reports results of using a CO2-laser in continuous wave (3 W; 2 m/s) and quasi-pulsed (13.5 W; 1 m/s) modes to treat films prepared by solvent casting technique from four types of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), namely poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and three copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate: with 4-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (each second monomer constituting about 30 mol.%). The PHAs differed in their thermal and molecular weight properties and degree of crystallinity. Pristine films differed in porosity, hydrophilicity, and roughness parameters. The two modes of laser treatment altered these parameters and biocompatibility in diverse ways. Films of P(3HB) had water contact angle and surface energy of 92° and 30.8 mN/m, respectively, and average roughness of 144 nm. The water contact angle of copolymer films decreased to 80–56° and surface energy and roughness increased to 41–57 mN/m and 172–290 nm, respectively. Treatment in either mode resulted in different modifications of the films, depending on their composition and irradiation mode. Laser-treated P(3HB) films exhibited a decrease in water contact angle, which was more considerable after the treatment in the quasi-pulsed mode. Roughness parameters were changed by the treatment in both modes. Continuous wave line-by-line irradiation caused formation of sintered grooves on the film surface, which exhibited some change in water contact angle (76–80°) and reduced roughness parameters (to 40–45 mN/m) for most films. Treatment in the quasi-pulsed raster mode resulted in the formation of pits with no pronounced sintered regions on the film surface, a more considerably decreased water contact angle (to 67–76°), and increased roughness of most specimens. Colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity (MTT) in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast culture showed that the number of fibroblasts on the films treated in the continuous wave mode was somewhat lower; treatment in quasi-pulsed radiation mode caused an increase in the number of viable cells by a factor of 1.26 to 1.76, depending on PHA composition. This is an important result, offering an opportunity of targeted surface modification of PHA products aimed at preventing or facilitating cell attachment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Processing of Polymer Films Fabricated from PHAs Differing in Their Monomer Composition

et al. 2021

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“…A beam is said to be focused when an object is placed exactly at the focal distance from the focusing lens. The fabricated microchannel characteristics (i.e., depth, width and profile) depend on the focused and unfocused laser beams [ 31 ]. The effect of the distances between the specimen and focal point of the laser lens is shown in Figure 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Analysis of Laser Micromachining of Microchannels in Common Microfluidic Substrates

et al. 2021

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Laser micromachining technique offers a promising alternative method for rapid production of microfluidic devices. However, the effect of process parameters on the channel geometry and quality of channels on common microfluidic substrates has not been fully understood yet. In this research, we studied the effect of laser system parameters on the microchannel characteristics of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and microscope glass substrate—three most widely used materials for microchannels. We also conducted a cell adhesion experiment using normal human dermal fibroblasts on laser-machined microchannels on these substrates. A commercial CO2 laser system consisting of a 45W laser tube, circulating water loop within the laser tube and air cooling of the substrate was used for machining microchannels in PDMS, PMMA and glass. Four laser system parameters - speed, power, focal distance, and number of passes were varied to fabricate straight microchannels. The channel characteristics such as depth, width, and shape were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a 3D profilometer. The results show that higher speed produces lower depth while higher laser power produces deeper channels regardless of the substrate materials. Unfocused laser machining produces wider but shallower channels. For the same speed and power, PDMS channels were the widest while PMMA channels were the deepest. Results also showed that the profiles of microchannels can be controlled by increasing the number of passes. With an increased number of passes, both glass and PDMS produced uniform, wider, and more circular channels; in contrast, PMMA channels were sharper at the bottom and skewed. In rapid cell adhesion experiments, PDMS and glass microchannels performed better than PMMA microchannels. This study can serve as a quick reference in material-specific laser-based microchannel fabrications.

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“…Moreover, numerous polymer types can be melted and vaporized at high temperatures by focusing a laser beam onto a substrate [ 22 ]. Although some factors can affect the cutting quality, such as polymer and machine conditions, including surface finish and over heat-affected corner zone, polyester is one of the polymers with the highest stability during laser cutting; this allows the cutting resolution to be more accurate and suitable to create a channel with a uniform aspect [ 23 , 24 ]. In addition, the physical-chemical properties of the vinyl and polyester films also protect the microchip against liquid leakage and evaporation, meanwhile preventing external contaminations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices for Biological Mimicking: A Survey of Materials and Biocompatibility

et al. 2021

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Microfluidics is an essential technique used in the development of in vitro models for mimicking complex biological systems. The microchip with microfluidic flows offers the precise control of the microenvironment where the cells can grow and structure inside channels to resemble in vivo conditions allowing a proper cellular response investigation. Hence, this study aimed to develop low-cost, simple microchips to simulate the shear stress effect on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Differentially from other biological microfluidic devices described in the literature, we used readily available tools like heat-lamination, toner printer, laser cutter and biocompatible double-sided adhesive tapes to bind different layers of materials together, forming a designed composite with a microchannel. In addition, we screened alternative substrates, including polyester-toner, polyester-vinyl, glass, Permanox® and polystyrene to compose the microchips for optimizing cell adhesion, then enabling these microdevices when coupled to a syringe pump, the cells can withstand the fluid shear stress range from 1 to 4 dyne cm2. The cell viability was monitored by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining to detect live and dead cells. As a result, our fabrication processes were cost-effective and straightforward. The materials investigated in the assembling of the microchips exhibited good cell viability and biocompatibility, providing a dynamic microenvironment for cell proliferation. Therefore, we suggest that these microchips could be available everywhere, allowing in vitro assays for daily laboratory experiments and further developing the organ-on-a-chip concept.

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Laser Ablation of Polymers: A Review

Cited by 64 publications

References 103 publications

Laser Processing of Polymer Films Fabricated from PHAs Differing in Their Monomer Composition

Laser Processing of Polymer Films Fabricated from PHAs Differing in Their Monomer Composition

Experimental Analysis of Laser Micromachining of Microchannels in Common Microfluidic Substrates

Rapid Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices for Biological Mimicking: A Survey of Materials and Biocompatibility

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