Laser additive manufacturing of stainless steel micro fuel cells

Scotti, Gianmario; Matilainen, Ville; Kanninen, Petri; Piili, Heidi; Salminen, Antti; Kallio, Tanja; Franssila, Sami

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.096

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The LAM method employed here for stainless steel 316 Lh as been reported in detail recently. [14] Figure 1s hows as chematic drawing with the principal components. Stainless-steel powder (with typically 20-40 mmd iameter particles) are obtained layer-by-layer through ar e-coater,a nd a2 00 Wl aser (near-IR 1070 nm) is applied to melt the material under an atmosphere of nitrogen.…”

Section: Lam Of Stainless-steel Rodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several types of 3D-printingt echnologiesh ave emerged, for example based on ink jetting, [10] hot nozzle extrusion, [11] "bioprinting", [12] and laser-aided techniques. [13] In ar ecent study, Scotti et al [14] created as tainless-steel micro-fuel cell (MFC) made by using LAM. The conclusion of the study was that the performance of the micro-fuel cell can scale with lengthening/ optimisation of the flow field, which is important in micro-fuel cell applicationsi ntended to powerm obile devices.I tw as shown that structures with sub-millimetre flow channels could be rapidlyconverted from computer-aided design to apractical device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residual Porosity of 3D‐LAM‐Printed Stainless‐Steel Electrodes Allows Galvanic Exchange Platinisation

et al. 2016

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Stainless‐steel rods were manufactured by laser additive manufacturing (LAM or “3D‐printing”) from a stainless‐steel (316 L) powder precursor, and then investigated and compared to conventional stainless steel in electrochemical experiments. The LAM method used in this study was based on “powder bed fusion”, in which particles with an average diameter of 20–40 μm are fused to give stainless‐steel rods of 3 mm diameter. In contrast to conventional bulk stainless‐steel (316 L) electrodes, for 3D‐printed electrodes, small crevices in the surface provide residual porosity. Voltammetric features observed for the 3D‐printed electrodes immersed in aqueous phosphate buffer are consistent with those for conventional bulk stainless steel (316 L). Two chemically reversible surface processes were observed and tentatively attributed to Fe(II/III) phosphate and Cr(II/III) phosphate. Galvanic exchange is shown to allow improved platinum growth/adhesion onto the slightly porous 3D‐printed stainless‐steel surface, resulting in a mechanically robust and highly active porous platinum deposit with good catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation.

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Section: Lam Of Stainless-steel Rodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual Porosity of 3D‐LAM‐Printed Stainless‐Steel Electrodes Allows Galvanic Exchange Platinisation

et al. 2016

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“…Rapid prototyping and manufacturing techniques have been revolutionised by new 3D‐printing technologies based, for example, on ink jet , fused filament , or laser additive deposition methods. Complex structures are produced reproducibly and optimised within short periods of development time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Polystyrene 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Device with Embedded Carbon Nanofiber‐Graphite‐Polystyrene Composite Conductor

et al. 2016

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Carbon nanofibres (CNFs) and graphite flake microparticles were added to thermoplastic polystyrene polymer with the aim of making new conductive blends suitable for 3D‐printing. Various polymer/carbon blends were evaluated for suitability as printable, electroactive material. An electrically conducting polystyrene composite was developed and used with commercially available polystyrene (HIPS) to manufacture electrodes suitable for electrochemical experiments. Electrodes were produced and evaluated for cyclic voltammetry of aqueous 1,1’‐ferrocenedimethanol and differential pulse voltammetry detection of aqueous Pb2+ via anodic stripping. A polystyrene/CNF/graphite (80/10/10 wt%) composite provides good conductivity and a stable electrochemical interface with well‐defined active geometric surface area. The printed electrodes form a stable interface to the polystyrene shell, give good signal to background voltammetric responses, and are reusable after polishing.

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“…Such structures are realized by specific alloying additions and metallurgical processing. [1][2][3][4] Additive manufacturing has recently been explored as a means to produce SS components in net shape, [5][6][7] circumventing the requirement of traditional manufacturing methods such as casting, rolling, welding, machining, forging, etc. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is one such additive manufacturing method, which can produce dense products by laser processing of metal powders.…”

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confidence: 99%

On The Corrosion and Metastable Pitting Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting

Sander

Thomas

Reyes-Cruz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

299

126

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The austenitic stainless steel 316L was additively manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The corrosion characteristics of the additively manufactured (3D printed) specimens were investigated by both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic techniques. The production parameters were deliberately varied during SLM, to produce 316L specimens fabricated by different laser scan speed (in the range of 860-1160 mm/s) and laser power (in the range of 165-285 W). The fabrication parameters were found to influence the porosity of the resulting specimens. The pitting potentials, metastable pitting rates and repassivation potentials of the 3D printed specimens are presented herein as a function of the laser scan speed and laser power, and also discussed in the context of specimen porosity. The corrosion characteristics of the 3D printed 316L were also compared with wrought 316L, revealing higher pitting potentials and lower rates of metastable pitting for most SLM 316L specimens, the related concepts of which are discussed herein. Stainless steels are a critically important class of alloy in several industries.1 The corrosion resistance of stainless steel (SS) is attributed to the presence of alloyed chromium (> ∼11 wt%), enabling the formation of a chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) based passive film upon the metal surface.1-3 The addition of elements such as nickel, nitrogen, molybdenum, carbon, aluminum, copper, sulfur and selenium can modify the corrosion resistance, strength, ductility, machinability, and the phases present (and their stability) in stainless steels.1-3 The types of stainless steel are most conveniently categorized according to their microstructure, classified as: austenitic, martensitic, ferritic and austenoferritic (duplex). Such structures are realized by specific alloying additions and metallurgical processing.1-4 Additive manufacturing has recently been explored as a means to produce SS components in net shape, 5-7 circumventing the requirement of traditional manufacturing methods such as casting, rolling, welding, machining, forging, etc. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is one such additive manufacturing method, which can produce dense products by laser processing of metal powders. In SLM, metal powder layers are successively fused in a layer-by-layer manner into the requisite 3D structure, employing a fiber laser. [8][9][10][11] The metallic component in essence is therefore 3D printed into the requisite shape, by additive manufacturing processes like SLM. The process takes place in chamber of well-controlled inert atmosphere (either nitrogen or argon). The primary parameters that govern the microstructure of a 3D printed specimen are the laser power and the laser scan speed, as they influence the thermal gradients and growth rate of the metal at the solid-liquid interface (in the melt pool). 12 The porosity that may develop in 3D printed specimens depends upon the heating and cooling rates of the melt pool. 13 The laser scan speed relates to the duration for which the laser beam is in contact with ...

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Laser additive manufacturing of stainless steel micro fuel cells

Cited by 44 publications

References 26 publications

Residual Porosity of 3D‐LAM‐Printed Stainless‐Steel Electrodes Allows Galvanic Exchange Platinisation

Residual Porosity of 3D‐LAM‐Printed Stainless‐Steel Electrodes Allows Galvanic Exchange Platinisation

All‐Polystyrene 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Device with Embedded Carbon Nanofiber‐Graphite‐Polystyrene Composite Conductor

On The Corrosion and Metastable Pitting Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting

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