“…Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is a substantial contributing sensor for autonomous driving [ 1 , 2 ], 3D reconstruction [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] and visual navigation [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], etc. With the benefits of high accuracy and ignoring of background illumination, the rotating two-dimensional light detection and ranging (R2D-LIDAR) becomes an attractive sensor for outdoor mobile robots [ 15 ].…”