Laser cleaning of particulates from paper: Comparison between sized ground wood cellulose and pure cellulose

Laser cleaning of paper: Cleaning efficiency and irradiation dose

“…ΔL and Δb (describing the blue-yellow axis) could be correlated with the effect of cleaning (Arif & Kautek, 2013).…”

“…The evaluation of cleaning thresholds and modification zones on the basis of well-proven diameter evaluations was done with optical microscopy (Arif & Kautek, 2013). Ablation/destruction zones could be identified by optical microscopy as morphological modifications of the original appearance.…”

“…Model contamination was employed in order to create a defined and reproducible system: a 'smearing' action with a Q-tip directly after a charcoal stick treatment (Arif & Kautek, 2013). The loose particles were vacuum-cleaned as is common in conventional cleaning practice.…”

“…Visible modification and destruction thresholds can be detected microscopically as morphological alterations as described previously (Kautek et al, 1998, Kautek 2008, 2010Kaminska et al, 2005;Arif & Kautek, 2013). Exemplary microscopic cleaning and destruction evaluation data according to the D²-lnE relationship (Equation 2) are shown in Fig.…”

“…In contrast to inorganic materials (such as stone), laser irradiation of bio-organic materials (such as paper) may lead to photochemical and photothermal degradation. (Kautek et al, 1998;Kolar et al, 2000aKolar et al, , 2000bKolar et al, , 2002Kolar et al, , 2003Bloisi et al, 2003;Kaminska et al, 2003Kaminska et al, , 2004Kaminska et al, , 2005Strlic et al, 2003;Georgiou, 2004;Rudolph et al, 2004aRudolph et al, , 2004bCarmona et al, 2011;Forster et al, 2011;Pentzien et al, 2011;Arif et al, 2012Arif et al, , 2012b2013a, 2013bArif & Kautek, 2013;Ganeev, 2014).…”