Laser-Cooled-Atomic Frequency Standard

Bollinger, John J.; Prestage, J. D.; Itano, Wayne M.; Wineland, David J.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.54.1000

Cited by 162 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Laser-cooled atoms play a critical role in modern frequency standards such as atomic fountains [1]. As is well-known, Sisyphus-type cooling in optical molasses with polarization gradients results in atoms with temperatures corresponding to tens of the single-photon recoil energies ε r = (hk) 2 /2M (for example, T ∼ 30 ε r /k B ∼ 3µK in the case of Cs [2]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-dimensional sideband Raman cooling and Zeeman-state preparation in an optical lattice

et al. 2001

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A method of sideband Raman cooling to the vibrational ground state of the m = 0 Zeeman sublevel in a far-detuned two-dimensional optical lattice is proposed. In our scheme, the Raman coupling between vibrational manifolds of the adjacent Zeeman sublevels is shifted to the red sideband due to the ac Stark effect induced by a weak pump field. Thus, cooling and optical pumping to m = 0 is achieved by purely optical means with coplanar cw laser beams. The optical lattice and cooling parameters are estimated in the framework of simple theoretical models. An application of the transverse sideband cooling method to frequency standards is discussed. Coherent population trapping for the sideband Raman transitions between the degenerate vibrational levels is predicted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-dimensional sideband Raman cooling and Zeeman-state preparation in an optical lattice

et al. 2001

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“…Nonneutral plasmas are studied in research to develop atomic clocks [8][9][10] , investigations of turbulence, nonlinear vortex dynamics, and instabilities in nearly-inviscid two-dimensional fluids [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , research on particle transport across magnetic field lines in quiescent plasmas [19][20][21][22][23] , investigations of the properties of nonneutral plasmas in thermal equilibrium 24,25 , and in experiments to study the formation and confinement of positron plasmas [26][27][28] . Many of these experiments 8,13,19,[24][25][26] are performed at vacuum pressures in the range where background neutrals are observed to affect the plasma dynamical behavior and confinement properties.…”

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confidence: 99%

Expansion rate measurements at moderate pressure of non-neutral electron plasmas in the Electron Diffusion Gauge (EDG) experiment

et al. 2001

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Measurements of the expansion rate of pure-electron plasmas have been performed on the Electron Diffusion Gauge (EDG) device at background helium gas pressures in the 5×10 −8 Torr to 1×10 −5 Torr range, where plasma expansion due to electron-neutral collisions dominates over plasma expansion due to trap asymmetries. It is found that the expansion rate, defined as the time rate of change of the particles' mean-square radius, scales approximately linearly with pressure and inversely as the square of the magnetic field strength in this regime, in agreement with classical predictions.

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“…In 1988 Steven Weinberg [20] proposed a direct test of the linearity of the time evolution in the hyperfine transition observed in the 9 Be + ion. By comparing the results of his calculation with the existing measurements [21], Weinberg estimated the upper limit of the nonlinearity in the evolution, of this essentially two-level system, to be of the order of 10 −15 eV, the same as in the neutron Fresnel-diffraction experiments.…”

Section: Experimental Searches For a Nonlinearitymentioning

confidence: 85%