“…An optimum pulse duration of 150 fs is found in our case, which explains the different proton collimation accelerations between femtosecond and picosecond LG lasers in previous experiments and simulations. Our researches give insights into understanding the beam formation mechanism driven by LG lasers, which is beneficial for a wide range of applications, such as proton induced x-ray emission [39], proton probe [40][41][42], fast ignition [17,43], tumor therapy [19,44], neutron source [45][46][47][48], astrophysical jet research [49][50][51], and proton imaging [52][53][54].…”