Laser Fine-Tuneable Deep-Submicrometer CMOS 14-bit DAC

Binary Weighted DAC with 2-ξ Resistor Ratio

“…From the other side conversion speed mainly depends on the switching delay time [2]. With the laser trimming technology it is possible to improve the converter accuracy [3], but aging and environmental factors decrease linearity and overall accuracy of a converter, and reduce its applicability.…”

Using reciprocity theorem to analyze R-2R network DACs

“…R-2R network [1][2][3] are widely used in DAC [4][5][6][7]. Shown in figure 1 is a typical R-2R network with resistors of R lying at the bridges and resistors of 2R on the branches except for the right end with a resistor of R. From the basic circuit law, we can see the values of resistance seen from the right of nodes A, B, C, D and E--including the branch under these node--are all R. We call such feature of R-2R network to be equal-resistance feature.…”

Process and Temperature Compensation for RF Low-Noise Amplifiers and Mixers

“…Temperature variations are compensated using temperature-independent biasing circuits that provide a nearly constant voltage, current or transconductance within the specified temperature range [2], [3]. The compensation of process variations in RF and analog integrated circuits (ICs) usually requires trimming [4], calibration and/or self-tuning [5]- [8]. Recently, some techniques have been proposed for generating bias currents with a constant value that is independent of temperature and process [9], [10].…”