Keywords Effect of acoustic parameters Á Effect of ambient temperature and pressure Á Constrained cavitation Á Spatial and temporal control Á Cavitation dosage control
IntroductionCavitation is an important phenomenon that can occur both during diagnostic and therapeutic applications. It is not only an indicator of the transient high pressure and temperature induced by intense bubble collapse, but it also mediates mechanical and thermal effects. As far as mechanical effects, collapsing bubbles can emit shock waves and liquid jets, which are considered the main mechanisms that cause mechanical damage (Kodama and Tomita 2000). Regarding thermal effects, cavitation can enhance heating by confining the acoustic energy within the cavitation region, and it can also enhance viscous absorption at the bubble surface and generate high-frequency broadband harmonics, which have higher heat absorption coefficients. Therefore, cavitation has great potential to enhance therapeutic effi-