Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in cultural heritage science

Surface Texturing and Wettability Modification by Nanosecond Pulse Laser Ablation of Stainless Steels

“…Figure 13c shows the i ward direction from the edge to the middle of the melting pool. This happens when t [38], Hamad [39], Lahaye et al [40], He et al [41] and Gaudiuso [42].…”

“…Marangoni flow also continues unti down (Figure 13c). Other researchers have also depicted these series of interactio the explanation of the ablation mechanisms [38][39][40][41][42]. Several steps occur during the nanosecond laser manufacture of a single-pulse ablation on metal.…”

“…Marangoni flow also continues until cooling down (Figure 13c). Other researchers have also depicted these series of interactions to aid the explanation of the ablation mechanisms [38][39][40][41][42]. [38], Hamad [39], Lahaye et al [40], He et al [41] and Gaudiuso [42].…”

“…Secondly, the intensity of plasma reflection is affected by the corresponding amount of plasma produced and the duration of plasma reflection. Plasma induced by lasers with a long width and long wavelength on metals was usually dominated by heating effects such as melting, evaporation and boiling [42]. The plasma expansion can last a few microseconds, and the laser with a longer pulse width can interact more with plasma [39].…”

“…(a) Nonthermal ablation, (b) plasma reflection, (c) Marangoni effect. Part of the schematic diagram is adopted from Leitz et al[38], Hamad[39], Lahaye et al[40], He et al[41] and Gaudiuso[42].…”