Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy‐Raman: An effective complementary approach to analyze renal‐calculi

Abstract

Presence of renal-calculi (kidney stones) in human urethra is being increasingly diagnosed over the last decade and is considered as one of the most painful urological disorders. Accurate analysis of such stones plays a vital role in the evaluation of urolithiasis patients and in turn helps the clinicians toward exact etiologies. Two highly complementary laser-based analytical techniques; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used to identify the chemical composition of different types of renal-calculi. LIBS explores elemental characteristics while Raman spectroscopy provides molecular details of the sample. This complete information on the sample composition might help clinicians to identify the key aspects of the formation of kidney stones, hence assist in therapeutic management and to prevent recurrence. The complementarity of both techniques has been emphasized and discussed. LIBS spectra of different types of stones suggest the probable composition of it by virtue of the major, minor and trace elements detected from the sample. However, it failed to differentiate the crystalline form of different hydrates of calcium oxalate stone. This lacuna was overcome by the use of Raman spectroscopy and these results are compared with conventional chemical analysis.

Raman chemical imaging, a new tool in kidney stone structure analysis: Case-study and comparison to Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy

“…The majority of human urinary calculi are heterogeneous and are made of at least 2 different elements [ 48 – 50 ]. Kidney stones have various morphology and the distribution of components within their section is highly variable and complex [ 51 ]. Composition can vary significantly between surface, inner layers and core, especially for calcium oxalate and calcium phosphates stones.…”

“…Daudon et al used Raman spectroscopy associated to MOLE (laser molecular microsond) that can analyze very small crystals of 1 or 2μm [ 16 ]. More recently, Shameem et al have evaluated micro-Raman microscopy associated to LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) in urinary calculi investigation [ 51 ]. These methods are complementary and can provide molecular and elemental data of the samples with high resolution.…”

“…These methods are complementary and can provide molecular and elemental data of the samples with high resolution. LIBS-Raman requires sample sections with physically uniformity over a relatively large area [ 51 ]. In addition, Raman alone wasn’t able to identify all samples, and results weren’t confirmed by FTIR gold standard method.…”

Evaluation of electrolyte element composition in human tissue by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

“…At present, indirect and direct measurement techniques are frequently combined to provide even much more information about a biological sample. In this context, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is frequently used as a direct measurement technique for hybrid systems 7 , 8 .…”

Study on the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of kidney stones based on GC–MS combined with metabolic pathway analysis

“…To date, significant progress has been made in the study of the composition analysis of kidney stones both in China and in other countries. Common kidney stone analysis methods include infrared spectroscopic (Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) analysis, computed tomography (CT) kidney stone component analysis, scanning electron microscopy, 10 laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, 11 and others. Warty 12 combined FTIR‐attenuated total reflection and scanning electron microscope–elemental distribution analysis to characterize the composition and morphological characteristics of each kidney stone layer, indicating that each layer is composed of a different substance.…”