Laser-Induced Electron Emission from Solids: Many-Photon Photoelectric Effects and Thermionic Emission

Logothetis, E. M.; Hartman, Paul L.

doi:10.1103/physrev.187.460

Cited by 102 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…From the circumstance that the noise level of the detector (microchannel plate + phosphorescent screen) used in the microscope is clearly less than one count per second, it follows (formula 3 at I 0 ) 10 W/cm 2 ) that quite informative photoelectron images can be obtained for materials whose twophoton photoemissive effect yield coefficient 2 at a wavelength of 410 nm is more than ∼10 -33 cm 2 s at r ) 50 nm or more than ∼6 10 -33 W/cm 2 at r ) 20 nm. Both our experimental results and the results of numerous experimental works devoted to research into the multiphoton laser photoelectric effect in solids [20][21][22] point to the fact that the 2 coefficient is more than 10 -33 cm 2 s even for those dielectrics in which the energy of two quanta of the laser radiation used is less than the band gap (CaF 2 , KCl, glass, etc. ), so that photoelectron images can practically be obtained for any samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Femtosecond Two-Photon Laser Photoelectron Microscopy

et al. 1998

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It is shown that high-resolution photoelectron images (with a resolution of up to 3 nm for ultrasharp silicon tips) can be obtained for practically all materials when irradiating tips made of these materials by pulses of the second harmonic of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. In addition to the images, absolute values of the two-photon external photoelectric effect for these tips also can be measured using this method. The first experimental realization of this two-photon femtosecond laser projection photoelectron microscope is presented, and corresponding data for silicon, diamond, and calcium fluoride tips are analyzed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Femtosecond Two-Photon Laser Photoelectron Microscopy

et al. 1998

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“…(1)) in a metal target (gold in our case) has no source terms. Photoemission was considered in the form of a surface boundary condition for the electron current density, 44,45 describing electron flow into the vacuum. The three-photon photoemission cross-section c, containing information about the electron escape probability, escape depth, and energy gain, was determined empirically 44 for nanosecond laser pulses by measuring the total electronic charge emitted during irradiation and corrected here for the absorption changes corresponding to the present irradiation wavelength.…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface charging under pulsed laser ablation of solids and its consequences: studies with a continuum approach

Bulgakova

Stoian

Rosenfeld

et al. 2005

Commercial and Biomedical Applications of Ultrafast Lasers V

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Dynamics of electronic excitation, heating and charge-carrier transport in different materials (metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics) under femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation is studied based on a unified continuum model. A simplified drift-diffusion approach is used to model the energy flow into the sample in the first hundreds of femtoseconds of the interaction. The laser-induced charging of the targets is investigated at laser intensities slightly above the material removal threshold. It is demonstrated that, under near-infrared femtosecond irradiation regimes, charging of dielectric surfaces causes a sub-picosecond electrostatic rupture of the superficial layers, alternatively called Coulomb explosion (CE), while this effect is strongly inhibited for metals and semiconductors as a consequence of superior carrier transport properties. Various related aspects concerning the possibility of CE for different irradiation parameters (fluence, wavelength and pulse duration) as well as the limitations of the model are discussed. These include the temporal and spatial dynamics of charge-carrier generation in non-metallic targets and evolution of the optical (reflection and absorption) characteristics. A controversial topic concerning CE probability in laser irradiated semiconductor targets is also a subject of this work.

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“…Previously reported multiphoton emission experiments [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] have been on metals with work functions of 4 -5 eV and with shorter laser pulse lengths ͑generally 100-450 fs or smaller͒. In most of these studies, the incident photons had energies greater than the work functions of the target metals.…”

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confidence: 99%