Laser-induced porous graphene electrodes from polyketimine membranes for paracetamol sensing

Abstract

The development of cost-effective materials for fabricating electrodes is crucial for drug, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of a novel polyketimine (PKI) membrane obtained by condensing partially of different weight percentages of oxidized polyvinyl alcohol and aminated polyether sulfone. Using the PKI membrane as a scaffold, we introduced laser-induced graphene electrodes (LIGEs) for the efficient electrochemical sensing of paracetamol (PCM), which serves as a model drug. Electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the physico-chemical properties, including laser-induced porous graphene features, such as the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The obtained results demonstrate that the LIGEs exhibit excellent performance in PCM sensing, showing a linear detection range of 50–600 µM with a detection limit (LOD) as low as 14.3 µM and a good selectivity toward uric acid. Furthermore, the functionalization of the electrode surface with AuNPs improved the electrode physico-chemical properties (HET and ECSA) and lowered the detection limit down to 1.1 µM. Consequently, these affordable electrodes hold great potential for analysing other drugs and detecting heavy metal cations in various applications.

Simultaneous detection of trace Pb(II) and Cd(II) cations in ore samples by anodic stripping analysis using pMO/erGO‐modified glassy carbon electrodes

“…Plotting the oxidation and reduction current densities vs. the square root of the scan rate showed a linear dependency, suggesting the electrode kinetics is controlled by the diffusion of electroactive species in solution [46]. Furthermore, we used Randles-Sevcik equation to calculate the active surface area [23,25]. The electroactive areas were found to be 0.121 and 0.08 cm 2 for pMO/erGO/GCE and bare GCE, respectively, denoting an increase of 50 % after the modification with the reduced graphene oxide and the polymer.…”

“…As an alternative, electrochemical techniques offer a more suitable approach to address these limitations. These methods are simple, costeffective, rapid, highly sensitive and fully meet "AS-SURED" criteria [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Among these electrochemical techniques, anodic stripping techniques are widely employed for the electroanalysis of heavy metal ions.…”

“…The specific type and quantity of these functional groups are contingent upon the chosen synthesis method and operational conditions (such as temperature, reaction time, and the oxidizing reagent employed) [29]. These intriguing attributes confer upon graphene oxide advantageous qualities such as improved solubility, stable dispersion, and more, rendering it suitable for a wide range of applications such as biosensors [22,30], biomedicine, conductive membranes [31], composite polymers, and beyond [23][24][25][32][33][34].…”

Covalent surface modification of single-layer graphene-like BC6N nanosheets with reactive nitrenes for selective ammonia sensing via DFT modeling

“…To the best of our knowledge there is no report dealing with functionalized BC 6 N nanosheets, although similar approaches are widely investigated for the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of pristine graphene [13][14][15][16][17]. Chemical modification of graphene surface by deposition of metal nanoparticles [18][19][20] or reactive intermediates such as nitrenes, carbenes and radicals [14,15,17,21] is an interesting venue to build sensitive sensors for gas detection. Using DFT simulations, it was showed that the graphene functionalization with arylnitrenes induces a partial bandgap opening [15] and it was predicted that the obtained nanomaterials can be useful for the sensing of various amines with good affinity.…”

In-silico selection of peptides for the recognition of imidacloprid

“…Biosensors are currently sought for uses in different fields of applications such diagnostics, food safety and environmental monitoring because of their cost-effectiveness and amiability [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Peptides have recently been re-examined and their uses as recognition element have been investigated [16][17][18][19][20][21].…”