Laser Induced Underwater Sparks

Barnes, P. A.; Rieckhoff, K. E.

doi:10.1063/1.1652611

Cited by 114 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Plasma formation starts at the laser focus, and during the laser pulse the plasma grows into the cone angle of the laser beam (Docchio et al 1988b). The temperature of the plasma reaches a value of about 10 000 K (Barnes and Rieckhoff 1968) causing immediate evaporation of the tissue or liquid within the plasma volume. The rapid temperature rise during breakdown leads to an explosive expansion of the plasma which drives a shock wave and generates a cavity within the intraocular fluid, as shown in figure 1.…”

Section: Working Mechanisms and Sources Of Collateral Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear absorption: intraocular microsurgery and laser lithotripsy

Vogel

1997

Phys. Med. Biol.

115

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Section: Working Mechanisms and Sources Of Collateral Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear absorption: intraocular microsurgery and laser lithotripsy

Vogel

1997

Phys. Med. Biol.

115

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6]8 The amplitude of the NB response also depends upon the maximal diameter of the NB, but is very sensitive to experimental factors that are difficult to control. The first is the diameter and divergence of the probe beam at the NB's plane.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6]8 It can be measured with another optical scattering technique that employs the monitoring of the intensity of a continuous probe beam with a broadband high-speed photodetector. The beam is focused at the NB and its scattering by the NB changes its axial intensity, which is measured as a time-response with the photodetector.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

Lukianova‐Hleb

Lapotko

2012

Applied Physics Letters

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Imaging and measuring transient vapor bubbles at nanoscale pose certain experimental challenges due to their reduced dimensions and lifetimes, especially in a single event experiment. Here, we analyze three techniques that employ optical scattering and acoustic detection in identifying and quantifying individual photothermally induced vapor nanobubbles (NBs) at a wide range of excitation energies. In optically transparent media, the best quantitative detection can be achieved by measuring the duration of the optical scattering time-response, while in an opaque media, the amplitude of the acoustic time-response well describes NBs in the absence of stress waves. Transient thermal evaporation and the generation of vapor bubbles are one of the basic processes accompanying non-stationary high-temperature heat-and mass-transfer in liquids. The science and the methods for the detection of inertial vapor bubbles of various origins were well developed for macro-and micro-sized bubbles and mainly employ their ability to emit pressure and to scatter the incident light. Recent developments in nanoscience reduced the spatial and temporal scale of vapor bubbles to nanometers and nanoseconds. [7][8][9][10]23,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Unlike their larger analogs, vapor nanobubbles (NBs) require much higher sensitivity and resolution of the detection methods for their imaging, quantification, and identification among other phenomena, such as transient heating and the generation of stress waves. Here, we analyze several experimental techniques for the imaging and quantitative analysis of transient vapor nanobubbles as single events and we troubleshoot some related errors. Due to the multiple biomedical applications of NBs and related phenomena, [34][35][36][37][38] it should be noted that we consider the transient events, but not the materials (particles) that are often also called nanobubbles.39, 40 We also do not consider the cavitation of preexisting bubbles that is well studied elsewhere. 41 While NBs may have various sources of energy (the heating of liquid above the boiling threshold, local rarefaction, and plasma discharge), we employed an experimental model of a single NB in water. Such a model provides maximal precision, control, and reproducibility in NB generation through the localized transient photothermal heating of liquid above the evaporation point. This was achieved through the optical excitation of individual 60 nm gold nanospheres in water with single short laser pulses (70 ps and 532 nm) at specific fluences above the NB generation threshold. We used the plasmonic conversion of optical energy into heat to control the maximal diameter and lifetime of the NBs through the fluence of a single laser pulse, as described in detail previously. [8][9][10]33 This experimental model includes an internal metal nanoparticle (NP) that acts as the source of the bubble energy during bubble generation and prevents the development of extreme temperatures and sonoluminescence at the collapse stage, 8,42 unlike "classical" bu...

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“…At high laser fluence the characteristics of the LIF spectrum resembles closely the blackbody radiation in the wavelength region 374 Hu and Juhasz from 300 to 500 nm [lll. This quasi-blackbody characteristic of the LIF of cornea is comparable with the LIF of water when a breakdown is induced by Q-switched ruby laser pulses at 694 nm [16]. In contrast, transition between specific energy levels of excited molecules has been identified in PMMA ablated by excimer-laser pulses in a wide range of fluence [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Study of corneal ablation with picosecond laser pulses at 211 nm and 263 nm

Juhász

1996

Lasers Surg. Med.

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Laser Induced Underwater Sparks

Cited by 114 publications

References 6 publications

Nonlinear absorption: intraocular microsurgery and laser lithotripsy

Nonlinear absorption: intraocular microsurgery and laser lithotripsy

Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

Study of corneal ablation with picosecond laser pulses at 211 nm and 263 nm

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