Opportunities for
enhancing solar energy harvesting using photon
upconversion are reviewed. The increasing prominence of bifacial solar
cells is an enabling factor for the implementation of upconversion,
however, when the realistic constraints of current best-performing
silicon devices are considered, many challenges remain before silicon
photovoltaics operating under nonconcentrated sunlight can be enhanced
via lanthanide-based upconversion. A photophysical model reveals that
>1–2 orders of magnitude increase in the intermediate state
lifetime, energy transfer rate, or generation rate would be needed
before such solar upconversion could start to become efficient. Methods
to increase the generation rate such as the use of cosensitizers to
expand the absorption range and the use of plasmonics or photonic
structures are reviewed. The opportunities and challenges for these
approaches (or combinations thereof) to achieve efficient solar upconversion
are discussed. The opportunity for enhancing the performance of technologies
such as luminescent solar concentrators by combining upconversion
together with micro-optics is also reviewed. Triplet–triplet
annihilation-based upconversion is progressing steadily toward being
relevant to lower-bandgap solar cells. Looking toward photocatalysis,
photophysical modeling indicates that current blue-to-ultraviolet
lanthanide upconversion systems are very inefficient. However, hope
remains in this direction for organic upconversion enhancing the performance
of visible-light-active photocatalysts.