Laser stimulation of the auditory system at 1.94 μm and microsecond pulse durations

Izzo, Agnella D.; Walsh, Joseph T.; Ralph, Heather; Webb, Jim; Wells, Jonathon; Bendett, Mark; Richter, Claus-Peter

doi:10.1117/12.761315

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The second possibility relates to the 1-2 ms latency of the guinea pig auditory system to respond to sound or laser stimuli. 13,21 Pulsed laser within a pulse duration of less than 2 ms was unlikely to evoke two OCAPs. Our previous study also shows that when stimulation rate is over 400 Hz (2.5 ms), there would be only one CAP in the auditory response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…[22][23][24][25][26] In contrast, our experiment results indicate that the optoacoustic e®ect is the most likely mechanism for OCAPs. Some authors have tried to exclude the optoacoustic e®ect by chronically or acutely deafening guinea pigs, 14,21 and thereafter evaluating the deafening e®ect by measuring the threshold with pure acoustic stimuli. In our experiment, guinea pigs in the chronic and acute deafness groups had obviously increasing acoustic thresholds of more than 30 dB (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then the surgery was performed for all animals following the procedure. 21 Each animal was positioned on a heating pad (BORO, BR Pet Products Co., Ltd., China), and body temperature was maintained at 38 C. Anesthesia was initiated by injection of 20% ethyl carbamate (6 ml/kg body weight), followed by maintenance doses of approximately 3 ml/kg body weight given every hour after paw pinch assessment.The mastoid bone beside the skull was exposed. An approximately 2 mm-diameter hole was drilled in the mastoid bone and opened to allow access to the cochlea.…”

Section: Animal Model Of Deafness and Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photoacoustic effect invokes auditory response in infrared neuron stimulation

Yang

Guan

2019

J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci.

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Infrared neuron stimulation is regarded as an innovative approach for stimulating cochleae in animals while the exact mechanism still remains unknown. In this paper, we studied compound action potentials of guinea pig cochleae with chronic or acute deafness. We recorded optical compound action potentials and analyzed stretched cochlear preparations by fluorescence microscopy. Photoacoustic signals were measured by hydrophone and microphone, respectively. In our experiment, we observed a switch response effect in vitro and in vivo experiments. Therefore, we proposed photoacoustic effect could invoke auditory response in infrared neuron stimulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Model Of Deafness and Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photoacoustic effect invokes auditory response in infrared neuron stimulation

Yang

Guan

2019

J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci.

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“…General analytic solutions for the heat equation are possible for simple geometries 14 and have been useful in discussing estimated temperatures and time constants during INS. 15,16 For more complex geometries, such as those used in INS, where expansion of light from the fibre, scattering and absorption change the spatial distribution, a numerical approach is simpler at the cost of greater computational time. 17…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared nerve stimulation: modelling of photon transport and heat conduction

et al. 2013

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Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a novel technique for stimulating neurons with infrared light, rather than the traditional electrical means. There has been significant discussion in the literature on the mechanisms behind INS, while recent work has shown that infrared light stimulates neurons by causing a reversible change in their membrane capacitance. Nevertheless, the effect of different laser parameters on neuronal responses is still not well understood. To better understand this and to assist in designing light delivery systems, modelling of spatial and temporal characteristics of light delivery during INS has been performed. Monte Carlo modelling of photon transport in tissue allows the spatial characteristics of light to be determined during INS and allows comparisons of varying geometries and fibre designs. Finite element analysis of heat conduction can then be used to reveal the behaviour of different pulse durations and the resulting temperature decay. The combination of the two methods allows for further insights into the mechanisms of INS and assists in understanding different mechanisms which promote INS. The model suggests there may be two regimes of INS, namely temperature limited for pulses under 100 µs and temperature gradient limited for longer pulses. This is compatible with previously published data, but requires further experimentation for confirmation. The model also provides a tool for optimising the design of emitters and implants.

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“…Indeed, the pulsed infrared laser evoked the activity of the auditory nerve, which has inspired efforts to further develop and improve the performance of optical cochlear implants. 9,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] To preserve and enhance the residual function of the cochlea, the research team led by Wenzel et al used a 532-nm nanosecond pulsed laser to irradiate the basilar membrane and osseous spiral lamina of a guinea pig, successfully activating the cochlea without any apparent damage. 21,22 Compared with electrical stimulation, using a laser to excite auditory neurons has several appealing traits such as no direct contact, high spatial resolution, and no stimulation artifacts; 2 therefore, laser stimulus appears to be ideal for cochlear implants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory nerve impulses induced by 980 nm laser

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The discovery that a pulsed laser could trigger an auditory neural response inspired ongoing research on cochlear implants activated by optical stimulus rather than by electrical current. However, most studies to date have used visible light (532 nm) or long-wavelength near-infrared (>1840 nm) and involved making a hole in the cochlea. This paper investigates the effect of optical parameters on the optically evoked compound action potentials (oCAPs) from the guinea pig cochlea, using a pulsed semiconductor near-infrared laser (980 nm) without making a hole in the cochlea. Synchronous trigger laser pulses were used to stimulate the cochlea, before and after deafening, upon varying the pulse duration (30-1000 μs) and an amount of radiant energy (0-53.2 mJ∕cm 2 ). oCAPs were successfully recorded after deafening. The amplitude of the oCAPs increased as the infrared radiant energy was increased at a fixed 50 μs pulse duration, and decreased with a longer pulse duration at a fixed 37.1 mJ∕cm 2 radiant energy. The latency of the oCAPs shortened with increasing radiant energy at a fixed pulse duration. With a higher stimulation rate, the amplitude of the oCAPs' amplitude decreased.

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Laser stimulation of the auditory system at 1.94 μm and microsecond pulse durations

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Photoacoustic effect invokes auditory response in infrared neuron stimulation

Photoacoustic effect invokes auditory response in infrared neuron stimulation

Infrared nerve stimulation: modelling of photon transport and heat conduction

Auditory nerve impulses induced by 980 nm laser

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